Electric Arc Furnace Stirring: A Review

Conejo, Alberto N.; Yan, Zhaozhao

doi:10.1002/srin.202200864

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, considering the entire domain, the average velocity is 0.024 m/s in the horizontal direction and 0.068 m/s in the vertical direction. These average velocities agree with those reported in Ref [3]. The flow pattern is particularly non-uniform.…”

Section: Baseline Results In the Steel Bath Domainsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These reactions can be enhanced by stirring forces as they increase the flow by mixing. For this reason, technologies such as O 2 injection through lances, bottom gas injection (BGI), and electromagnetic stirring (EMS) are applied in the refining stage [3]. The BGI technology is extensively applied in ladle furnaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These challenges are related to the height of the molten steel, which is variable in the EAF case, and the low ratio of liquid height to furnace diameter seen in EAF as compared to the ladle (3-5 times lower). As a result, large spouts may form at the bath surface in EAF, which affects the arc stability [3]. The EMS concept is an old one, but it has not been extensively commercialized in EAFs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Injection Rate on Flow Mixing during the Refining Stage in an Electric Arc Furnace

Ugarte,

Busa,

Konar

et al. 2024

Metals

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During the refining stage of electric arc furnace (EAF) operation, molten steel is stirred to facilitate gas/steel/slag reactions and the removal of impurities, which determines the quality of the steel. The stirring process can be driven by the injection of oxygen, which is carried out by burners operating in lance mode. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platform is used to simulate the liquid steel flow dynamics in an industrial-scale scrap-based EAF. The CFD platform simulates the three-dimensional, transient, non-reacting flow of the liquid steel bath stirred by oxygen injection to analyze the mixing process. In particular, the CFD study simulates liquid steel flow in an industrial-scale EAF with three asymmetric coherent jets, which impacts the liquid steel mixing under different injection conditions. The liquid steel mixing is quantified by defining two variables: the mixing time and the standard deviation of the flow velocity. The results indicate that the mixing rate of the bath is determined by flow dynamics near the injection cavities and that the formation of very low-velocity regions or ‘dead zones’ at the center of the furnace and the balcony regions prevents flow mixing. This study includes a baseline case, where oxygen is injected at 1000 SCFM in all the burners. Two sets of cases are also included: The first set considers cases where oxygen is injected at a reduced and at an increased uniform flow rate, 750 and 1250 SCFM, respectively. The second set considers cases with non-uniform injection rates in each burner, which keep the same total flow rate of the baseline case, 3000 SCFM. Comparison between the two sets of simulations against the baseline case shows that by increasing the uniform flow rate from 1000 to 1250 SCFM, the mixing time is reduced by 10.9%. Moreover, all the non-uniform injection cases reduce the mixing time obtained in the baseline case. However, the reduction in mixing times in these cases is accompanied by an increase in the standard deviations of the flow field. Among the non-uniform injection cases, the largest reduction in mixing time compared to the baseline case is 10.2%, which is obtained when the largest flow rates are assigned to coherent jets located opposite each other across the furnace.

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Section: Baseline Results In the Steel Bath Domainsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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