Electric and Magnetic Coulomb Potentials in the Deuteron

Abstract

After one century of nuclear physics, the underlying fundamental laws of nuclear physics are still missing. Bohr had found a formula for the H atom and another for the H2 molecule but no equivalent formula exists for the deuteron 2H. The only known Coulomb interaction in a nucleus by the mainstream nuclear physics is the long range repulsion between protons, forgetting that the neutron contains electric charges with no net charge. The neutron is attracted by the proton in a way discovered two millenaries ago by the Greeks. This attraction is equilibrated by the repulsion between the opposite magnetic moments of the proton and of the neutron in the deuteron. The bare application of geometry together with electric and magnetic Coulomb's interactions accounts for the binding energy of the deuteron, without fitting, with only 4 per cent discrepancy, proving the electromagnetic nature of the nuclear energy.

Anomalous Rutherford Scattering Solved Magnetically

“…The Rutherford scattering is electric at low kinetic energy and magnetic at high kinetic energy of the impacting α particles. Nuclear scattering and binding energy [18] [19] have been now both proved to be electromagnetic: the hypothetical strong force will disappear.…”

Electromagnetic Schr&oumldinger Equation of the Deuteron <sup>2</sup>H (Heavy Hydrogen)

“…This attraction, able to create a deuteron, is equilibrated by the repulsion between the collinear and opposite magnetic moments of the proton and the neutron in the deuteron. The dipole and polarizability formulas being invalid in a non-uniform electric field, the exact induced dipole formula has to be used here [10]. No need of a binomial expansion, the exact dipole formula is simple and precise.…”

“…The kinetic energy, always positive, represented by the first term of Equation (15) below, is repulsive, needing the condition 2 r b ≤ , as for the H atom but with the proton mass. The binding energy E being defined as the minimum of the potential energy, the Schrödinger equation of the deuteron becomes, according to (10) and (14): we have to find their values to obtain the potential minimum. This equation was solved by trial and error until the horizontal inflection point attains a minimum by varying a and b as shown on Figure 2 (not to be confused with an ad hoc adjustment).…”

“…, with a 5% precision (Figure 2). Only electromagnetic forces, without kinetic energy ( ) b = +∞ [10] are needed. The distance r is the distance between the centers of the nucleons, not the radius of the deuteron, around 2 fm.…”

“…The order of magnitude of the nuclear/chemical energy ratio may be characterized by one quarter of a millionenergies per nucleon vary from 0.6 MeV for 7 H to almost 9 MeV for Fe, corresponding to a nuclear to chemical binding energy ratio varying from 44,000 to 662,000, coherent with the above calculated value and the usual estimation of the order of one million for the nuclear/chemical energy ratio.The binding energy per nucleon of any nuclide is given by 2 p m c αmultiplied by a coefficient depending only on the electromagnetic structure of the nucleus. This is not numerology, it results from the bare application of Coulomb electric and Poisson magnetic laws in the Schrödinger equation or static electromagnetism alone[10].…”