Elderly Victims of Crime and Exposure to Risk

Clarke, Ronald; Ekblom, Paul; Hough, Mike; Mayhew, Pat

doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.1985.tb00509.x

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…This section has shown that criminologists quantify leisure activity in a number of ways including proxies such as the number of or sales from entertainment establishments (Messner and Blau, 1987;Miethe et al, 1991) or frequency measures such as the number of nights per week a respondent is away from home (Gottfredson, 1984;Clarke, et al, 1985). Using frequency measures, some researchers have failed to find a link between leisure activity away from home and victimization (Sampson and Wooldredge, 1987;Miethe et al, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was used numerous times in the late 1980s to address similar research questions to those posed by Gottfredson (1984). Clarke et al (1985) focused on the elderly and addressed the notion that this group experiences much less victimization because they spend more time at home. Using the same frequency measure as Gottfredson, nights out per week, they found the elderly experienced lower levels of victimization than young persons even if they spent numerous nights away from home.…”

Section: Being Away From Home: How Dangerous Is It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risks of Violence in Major Daily Activities: United States, 2003-2005

Lemieux¹

2010

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The routine activity approach, lifestyle perspective, and environmental criminology, all argue the risk of violence is not distributed evenly across time and space. This dissertation quantifies the risk of violence for different activities and types of place. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey and American Time Use Survey, activity-and place-specific rates of violence are calculated to determine (a) which activity or type of place is the most dangerous, (b) the relative risk of activities and types of place, and (c) how activity-and place-specific risks vary between demographic subgroups. Time-based rates are used to account for the reality that Americans do not spend equal amounts of time in activities and types of place. The activity-specific analysis showed sleeping was the safest activity in America; going to and from school was the most dangerous. The risk of violence during the school commute is 285 times higher than it is while sleeping. The place-specific analysis indicated home was the safest place to be while the street was the most dangerous; the risk of violence on the street was 51 times higher than it was at home. When rates of violence were calculated for demographic subgroups of the American population, the race and sex of individuals were found to have little effect on the risk of violence. Age was the only demographic variable included in the analysis that had substantial impact on the risk of victimization in different activities and types of place. These findings indicate crime prevention strategies cannot neglect the role lifestyles play in an individual's risk of victimization. Because the risk of violence varies greatly between activities and types of place it is inappropriate to label demographic subgroups as high risk based on the population size alone. This research indicates it is what people do, not who they are, that determines their risk of violence. Additionally, this research shows risk assessments that do not account for the transient nature of Americans in time and space can produce misleading information as to which activities and types of place are the most dangerous.iii Table of ContentsAbstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables vii List of Figures xiChapter This dissertation provides estimates for the risk of violence in the United States disaggregated by the types of places people visit and the activities they participate in.These risks are further disaggregated by demographic categories to provide the most detailed violence risk estimates available to date.Numerous pieces of criminological research have shown that crime is concentrated spatially; it is not randomly or evenly distributed on the macro-or micro-level 1 (Guerry, 1833; Quételet, 1842;Sherman et al., 1989;Brantingham and Brantingham, 1993;Block and Block, 1995;Clarke and Eck, 1995;Nelson et al., 2001;Weisburd et al., 2004;1 At the micro-level of analysis, the term "hot spot" has become popular amongst researchers and practitioners to describe the geographical concentration o...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Being Away From Home: How Dangerous Is It?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of Violence in Major Daily Activities: United States, 2003-2005

Lemieux¹

2010

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“…Même si cette théorie prend pour acquis que le crime résulte du mouvement dans l'espace du délinquant et/ou de la victime, la plus grande partie des efforts de recherche récents a porté sur les occasions criminelles engendrées par les déplacements de la victime (Block, Felson et Block, 1984 ;Clarke, Eckblom, Hough et Mayhew, 1985 ;Gottfredson, 1984). En effet, à travers leurs propos, Cohen et Felson (1979, p. 604) s'exprimaient ainsi : «... nous croyons que les criminologues ont sousestimé l'importance du problème de la convergence entre les cibles intéressantes et l'absence de gardiens efficaces dans les explications destinées à rendre compte des augmentations récentes observées des taux de criminalité.» Ces auteurs n'avancent pas directement l'idée qu'une plus grande mobilité spatiale des délinquants puisse expliquer les changements observés des taux de criminalité, puisqu'à une grande échelle, les déplace-ments des délinquants dans l'espace ne devraient pas influencer les variations spatiales ou temporelles observables à partir des statistiques criminelles.…”

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Drogue et crime : l’impact du commerce de drogues sur le tissu urbain

Rengert¹

2005

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The problem addressed in this analysis is whether « routine activities » of drug dependent criminals are associated with the spatial concentration of crime committed by these criminals. This problem is tested in a series of analyses including an investigation of the spatial pattern of the residential burglaries committed by drug dependent burglars using W.A.V. Clark's spatial choice housing search models. While Clark used the home and work place as nodes in the housing search, we use the home and drug market place as nodes in the criminal search of drug addicts. If the addict supports his or her habit with property crime, these nodes are expected to be a focal point for criminal activity in a distance minimizing scenario. The data indicate that the spatial concentration of property crime about drug market places means that a « crime containment » policy practiced by many police agencies is doomed to failure. Property criminals will continue to probe outward from a containment area which encompasses a drug market place. In fact, drug dependent property criminals may act as a vanguard for spatially expanding drug markets. Drug sellers and drug dependent property criminals seem to operate in a symbiotic relationship

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“…Some people, e.g. the elderly, may be immune because they are never exposed to risk, or because of moral inhibition (see Clarke et al, 1985). Some may be immune to victimisation because they are themselves offenders, or members of family networks, capable of retribution should they be attacked.…”

Section: Figure 1 About Herementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This latter form of selection bias (sometimes called conditional censoring) again reflects the concerns of the counterfactual approach. As discussed below, in the case of testing theories of crime victimisation which rest upon the notion that people might be differentially exposed to the chance of becoming a victim, it is necessary to distinguish between those who are never likely to be exposed to the risk of crime, for example, because they never go out on foot, or to places where they might encounter street-robbers, from those that are so exposed to crimerisk but nevertheless do not become victimised (see Clarke et al, 1985).…”

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confidence: 99%

Theory and method: the social epidemiology of crime victims

Hope¹

Handbook of Victims and Victimology

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Elderly Victims of Crime and Exposure to Risk

Cited by 36 publications

References 5 publications

Risks of Violence in Major Daily Activities: United States, 2003-2005

Risks of Violence in Major Daily Activities: United States, 2003-2005

Drogue et crime : l’impact du commerce de drogues sur le tissu urbain

Theory and method: the social epidemiology of crime victims

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