“…More specifically, the discussion and empirical evidence on transport equity issues can be roughly categorised into four groups: transport poverty, transport disadvantage, accessibility, and transport-related social exclusion (e.g., Levine, 2020 , Lucas, 2012 , Lucas, 2019 , Mattioli et al, 2017 ). A great deal of research on transport equity focuses on measuring the spatial distribution of accessibility to activities and opportunities (e.g., Chang et al, 2019 , Liu et al, 2018 , Rietveld, 2000 ); however, a previous study discussing elderly mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic in China revealed that vulnerable groups who suffered from food deprivation, loneliness, and depression due to containment measures had to travel for activities whilst better-off groups stayed at home because they could acquire daily necessities and fulfil the demand for social interactions via smartphone-based services ( Liu et al, 2021 ). Measured objectively, activities were accessible to disadvantaged groups who were actually more excluded and marginalised by the containment measures because they suffered the risks of infection, extensive social pressure, and various other burdens while walking outdoors.…”