Elbow varus torque and ball velocity associations in high school and professional pitchers with increased sagittal-plane trunk tilt

Manzi, Joseph E.; Wang, Zhaorui; Wright-Chisem, Joshua; Nicholson, Allen D.; Dennis, Elizabeth R.; Dines, Joshua S.

doi:10.1016/j.jse.2021.07.028

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Fourteen electromagnetic sensors were placed onto the participant: (1) posterior trunk at the first thoracic vertebral (T1) spinous process; (2) posterior pelvis at the first sacral vertebra; (3)(4) flat broad portion of the acromion, bilaterally; (5)(6) upper arm at the deltoid tuberosity, bilaterally; (7)(8) posterior distal forearm, bilaterally; (9) dorsal side of the dominant hand along the third metacarpal; (10)(11) lateral thigh about midway between the greater trochanter and lateral condyle of the knee, bilaterally; (12)(13) lateral shank midway between the lateral condyle of the knee and lateral malleolus, bilaterally; and ( 14) dorsal side of the nondominant foot, along the second metatarsal. A movable 15th sensor was attached to a stylus for digitization of bony landmarks on the participant.…”

Section: Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 4 , 6 Inefficient energy generation in the proximal lower extremities and LPHC has resulted in compensation and altered mechanics in the distal upper extremity during explosive movements to maintain performance. 3 , 5 , 12 , 30 Additionally, it is known that over time, the undue stress the upper extremity experiences may lead to symptoms of upper extremity pain or overuse injury. Therefore, early identification of faulty movement patterns associated with upper extremity pain or injury risk is pertinent.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Single-Leg Squat and Reported Pain in Collegiate Softball Pitchers

Everhart

Friesen

Bordelon

et al. 2023

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Single-leg squat (SLS) performance is related to altered mechanics related to injury during the windmill softball pitch; however, it is unknown if SLS kinematics differ between softball pitchers with and without upper extremity pain. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare knee valgus, trunk rotation, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk flexion during an SLS in collegiate softball pitchers with and without self-reported upper extremity pain. It was hypothesized that those who reported upper extremity pain would show increased compensatory trunk and knee kinematics compared with those without pain. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 75 collegiate softball players (mean age, 20.4 ± 1.7 years; mean height, 173.3 ± 7.7 cm; mean weight, 79.1 ± 11.6 kg) participated and were placed in pain (n = 20) or no-pain (n = 55) groups. Participants performed an SLS once per side. Kinematic data were collected at 100 Hz using an electromagnetic tracking system. A 2 (pain vs no pain) × 2 (descent vs ascent) × 2 (drive leg vs stride leg) mixed-design multivariate analysis of variance with Wilks lambda distribution was used to determine differences in drive-leg and stride-leg lower body mechanics between the descent and ascent phases of the SLS between the pitchers in the current study with and without pain. Results: There was no significant effect in the 3-way interaction between upper extremity pain, side, and phase (Λ = 0.960; F[4, 70] = 0.726; P = .577; η2 = 0.04). However, there were large effects for the phase × side interaction (Λ = 0.850; P = .021; η2 = 0.150). There was a main effect of phase (Λ = 0.283; P < .001; η2 = 0.717). Conclusion: Study findings indicated that SLS mechanics do not differ between collegiate softball pitchers with and without reported upper extremity pain. Drive-leg mechanics showed more stability in the SLS than stride-leg mechanics. Clinical Relevance: Softball pitchers are at risk of upper extremity injury. It is important to identify mechanisms that may lead to pain in order to mitigate the risk of injury.

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Section: Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Leg Squat and Reported Pain in Collegiate Softball Pitchers

Everhart

Friesen

Bordelon

et al. 2023

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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“…13 Furthermore, increased forward trunk lean at ball release (BR) was shown to increase elbow varus moments (external valgus) and shoulder abduction net joint moments. 13,28,44 In youth pitchers, increased forward trunk flexion velocities before BR were related to shoulder abduction net joint moments and compressive forces. 13 Therefore, a comparison study between pain and pain-free groups of pitchers using time-series data may be useful in detecting mechanical differences and for examining kinematic patterns that may be associated with pain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 Therefore, a comparison study between pain and pain-free groups of pitchers using time-series data may be useful in detecting mechanical differences and for examining kinematic patterns that may be associated with pain. 6,15,25,28 Although research has identified pitching-related injury risk factors in youth baseball players, 12,22,23,29,30,35 the factors associated with these injuries, specifically trunk and pelvic kinematics when throwing with pain, are not well understood. 14,18,42 An improved understanding of trunk and pelvic mechanics during the pitching motion associated with UE pain in youth baseball pitchers would be beneficial in determining modifiable-risk factors in youth pitchers.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Trunk and Pelvic Kinematics in Youth Baseball Pitchers With and Without Upper Extremity Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

Fava

Giordano

Friesen

et al. 2023

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Motion of the pelvis and trunk during baseball pitching is associated with increased upper extremity (UE) kinetics. Increased kinetics on the UE may lead to throwing-arm pain in youth pitchers. Limited biomechanical comparisons have been conducted on youth pitchers with and without throwing-arm pain to identify mechanical risk factors associated with pain. Purpose: To examine trunk and pelvic kinematics in youth baseball pitchers with and without UE pain. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 26 male youth baseball pitchers (mean age, 12.7 ± 1.5 years; mean height, 162.2 ± 12.9 cm; mean weight, 52.6 ± 13.1 kg) were recruited to participate. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to obtain kinematic data during the fastball pitch. Data from a health history questionnaire was examined. Participants who answered “yes” to experiencing pain and who selected a region on their UE as the pain location were placed into the UE pain group. Participants who responded “no” to experiencing pain were placed into the pain-free group. We compared between-group differences in trunk rotation, flexion, and lateral flexion; pelvic rotation, anteroposterior tilt, and lateral tilt; and hip-shoulder separation from peak knee height to ball release of the baseball pitch using 1-dimensional statistical parametric mapping with an alpha level set at .05. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the UE pain and pain-free groups in the 7 trunk and pelvic kinematics analyzed from peak knee height to ball release ( P > .05). Conclusion: Trunk and pelvic kinematics during the pitching motion did not differ between pain and pain-free groups of youth baseball pitchers.

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Letter to the Editor regarding Manzi et al: “Elbow varus torque and ball velocity associations in high school and professional pitchers with increased sagittal-plane trunk tilt”

Barfield

2023

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery

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Elbow varus torque and ball velocity associations in high school and professional pitchers with increased sagittal-plane trunk tilt

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

Single-Leg Squat and Reported Pain in Collegiate Softball Pitchers

Single-Leg Squat and Reported Pain in Collegiate Softball Pitchers

Comparison of Trunk and Pelvic Kinematics in Youth Baseball Pitchers With and Without Upper Extremity Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

Letter to the Editor regarding Manzi et al: “Elbow varus torque and ball velocity associations in high school and professional pitchers with increased sagittal-plane trunk tilt”

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