Elbow load during pushup at various forearm rotations

Lou, Shu Zon; Lin, Chii Jeng; Chou, Pei Hsi; Chou, You-Li; Su, Fong Chin

doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(01)00008-0

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Several researchers have carried out kinetic, kinematic, and electromyographic analyses of different variations of this exercise to identify the techniques that are most effective at improving muscular force and to evaluate musculoskeletal stress (3,5,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myoelectric Activation and Kinetics of Different Plyometric Push-Up Exercises

García‐Massó

Colado²,

Moreno³

et al. 2011

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The kinetic and myoelectric differences between 3 types of plyometric push-ups were investigated. Twenty-seven healthy, physically active men served as subjects and completed both familiarization and testing sessions. During these sessions, subjects performed 2 series of 3 plyometric push-up variations in a counterbalanced order according to the following techniques: Countermovement push-ups (CPUs) were push-ups performed with the maximum speed of movement; jump push-ups (JPUs) were similar to clapping push-ups; and fall push-ups (FPUs) required kneeling subjects to drop and then attempt to return to their initial position. Vertical ground reaction forces were determined by using a force plate. Myoelectric activity was recorded by means of electromyography. Impact force and impact rate of force development were significantly (p < 0.05) higher for FPUs than for JPUs. The maximum rate of force development was higher for CPUs (p < 0.05) than for JPUs, and the maximum force was higher for the CPUs than for the FPUs (p < 0.05). There were differences among exercises for the mean muscle activation of the pectoralis major (PM; p < 0.001), triceps brachii (p < 0.001), external oblique (p < 0.005) and anterior deltoid (p < 0.001), and in the maximum muscle activation of the PM (p < 0.001). Plyometric push-ups with countermovement achieved a higher maximum force and rate of force and did not cause impact forces. Thus, this type of push-up exercise may be regarded as the best for improving explosive force. The FPU exercise achieved higher levels of muscular activation in the agonist and synergist muscle groups, and greater impact forces and impact force development rates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myoelectric Activation and Kinetics of Different Plyometric Push-Up Exercises

García‐Massó

Colado²,

Moreno³

et al. 2011

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…Data smoothing was performed using a generalized crossvalidation spline smoothing routine with a cutoff frequency of 6 Hz [20]. The joint angles and joint forces at the elbow and shoulder were then calculated as functions of time over the impact period and were used for further analysis [8,16,20,21].…”

Section: Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The forward fall used here is very similar to the upto-down movement during push-ups. The kinematics, kinetics, and range of motion of the joints of the upper extremity during push-ups have been extensively studied (e.g., see [21] and [10]), and are thus not the focus in the present study.…”

Section: Energy Absorption Ratio (R a ) And Joint Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Chou¹

2012

J. Med. Biol. Eng.

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In a forward fall, the majority of the impact energy is absorbed by the elbow joint and shoulder joint. This study examines the effect of the impact strategy on the energy absorption distribution between the two joints during the impact phase of a forward fall. Twenty healthy young male subjects with an average age of 24 years participated in a series of forward fall experiments. The kinematics and kinetics of the upper extremity and the impact forces at the elbow joint and shoulder joint are investigated for three impact strategies, namely elbow dominant, intermediate, and shoulder dominant. The energy absorption ratio and pain score of the elbow dominant group are significantly lower (Energy absorption ratio: p = 0.011, pain score: p = 0.012) than the corresponding values of the intermediate and shoulder dominant groups. The low energy absorption ratio of the elbow dominant group indicates a more uniform distribution of the impact energy between the elbow joint and the shoulder joint. This implies that elbow flexion provides a beneficial damping effect during impact, and therefore reduces the energy absorbed at the shoulder joint. Overall, the results suggest that the elbow dominant impact strategy is optimal for forward falls. The results can aid the development of an effective impact strategy for minimizing the risk of upper extremity injuries due to forward falls.

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“…For this purpose, the push-up and its many variants are popular choices, owing to their easy adaptability to various difficulty levels and their theorized tendency to improve joint stability and proprioception during execution as a result of compression forces. 6 However, our understanding of the potential efficacy of push-up variants in strengthening and rehabilitation programs remains incomplete.…”

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confidence: 99%

Scapular Kinematics and Shoulder Elevation in a Traditional Push-Up

Suprak

Bohannon

Morales

et al. 2013

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Proper scapulothoracic motion is critical for the health and function of the shoulder and represents a principal focus in the rehabilitation setting. Variants of the traditional push-up are used frequently to help restore proper scapular kinematics. To date, substantial research has focused on muscle activation levels of rotator cuff and scapular-stabilizing musculature, whereas a dearth of literature exists regarding scapular kinematics during push-up variants.Objective: To examine the effect of shoulder position on scapular kinematics across the range of motion (ROM) of a traditional push-up.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen healthy participants without a history of upper extremity or spine injury requiring rehabilitation or surgery.Intervention(s): Participants performed a traditional pushup while kinematic measurements were acquired from multiple upper extremity segments. The 3 shoulder position conditions were (1) self-selected position, (2) shoulder adducted upon ascent (at side), and (3) shoulder elevated to approximately 908.Main Outcome Measure(s): Scapular posterior tilt, upward rotation, and external rotation were examined across elbowextension ROM and compared across conditions.Results: Posterior tilt was greater in the self-selected and at-side conditions than in the elevated condition and increased linearly with elbow extension. External rotation was greater in the self-selected and at-side conditions compared with that in the elevated condition. In the at-side condition, upward rotation began lower than in the other conditions at the start of the concentric phase but increased above the others soon after the elbow started to extend.Conclusions: Performing a traditional push-up with the shoulders elevated may place the scapula in a position of impingement. Clinicians should be cognizant of shoulder elevation when prescribing and monitoring exercise progression. The results of this study will provide further direction for clinicians in prescribing rehabilitation exercises for the upper extremity, especially closed chain exercises for shoulder conditions.Key Words: closed kinetic chain exercises, impingement, rehabilitation Key PointsDuring a traditional push-up, scapular posterior tilt and external rotation decreased with greater shoulder elevation, and posterior tilt increased with elbow extension. Scapular upward rotation was greater for much of the range of motion with the shoulder in a position of less elevation. Increased shoulder elevation during a traditional push-up may contribute to impingement.

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Elbow load during pushup at various forearm rotations

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Myoelectric Activation and Kinetics of Different Plyometric Push-Up Exercises

Myoelectric Activation and Kinetics of Different Plyometric Push-Up Exercises

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Scapular Kinematics and Shoulder Elevation in a Traditional Push-Up

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