Elapsed time estimates in virtual reality and the physical world: The role of arousal and emotional valence

Ham, Ineke J. M. van der; Klaassen, Fayette; Schie, Kevin van; Cuperus, Anne A.

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.005

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…It was also shown, that fear does not affect time estimation in VR (Kitajima et al, 2020). van der Ham et al (2019) recently investigated the estimation of time duration by letting people watch video clips in VR and in the real world. They found no significant difference in the estimated time duration between VR and the real world.…”

Section: Time Studies In Virtual Realitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy

Unruh

Landeck

Oberdörfer

et al. 2021

Front. Virtual Real.

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Psycho-pathological conditions, such as depression or schizophrenia, are often accompanied by a distorted perception of time. People suffering from this conditions often report that the passage of time slows down considerably and that they are “stuck in time.” Virtual Reality (VR) could potentially help to diagnose and maybe treat such mental conditions. However, the conditions in which a VR simulation could correctly diagnose a time perception deviation are still unknown. In this paper, we present an experiment investigating the difference in time experience with and without a virtual body in VR, also known as avatar. The process of substituting a person’s body with a virtual body is called avatar embodiment. Numerous studies demonstrated interesting perceptual, emotional, behavioral, and psychological effects caused by avatar embodiment. However, the relations between time perception and avatar embodiment are still unclear. Whether or not the presence or absence of an avatar is already influencing time perception is still open to question. Therefore, we conducted a between-subjects design with and without avatar embodiment as well as a real condition (avatar vs. no-avatar vs. real). A group of 105 healthy subjects had to wait for seven and a half minutes in a room without any distractors (e.g., no window, magazine, people, decoration) or time indicators (e.g., clocks, sunlight). The virtual environment replicates the real physical environment. Participants were unaware that they will be asked to estimate their waiting time duration as well as describing their experience of the passage of time at a later stage. Our main finding shows that the presence of an avatar is leading to a significantly faster perceived passage of time. It seems to be promising to integrate avatar embodiment in future VR time-based therapy applications as they potentially could modulate a user’s perception of the passage of time. We also found no significant difference in time perception between the real and the VR conditions (avatar, no-avatar), but further research is needed to better understand this outcome.

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Section: Time Studies In Virtual Realitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy

Unruh

Landeck

Oberdörfer

et al. 2021

Front. Virtual Real.

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show abstract

“…VR has also been used to induce temporal recalibration by coupling the movement of individuals to the speed of events in the virtual environment (the slower participants moved, the slower the events unfolded and vice versa), which led to underreproduction of time intervals in a subsequent psychophysical task (Bansal et al, 2019). More in line with the objectives of this study, van der Ham et al (2019) found no difference in the duration estimations of clips watched in a VR and in a real-life cinema, challenging the preconception that VR accelerates the passage of time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

What happens while waiting in virtual reality? A comparison between a virtual and a real waiting situation concerning boredom, self-regulation, and the experience of time.

Igarzábal¹,

Hruby²,

Witowska³

et al. 2021

Technology, Mind, and Behavior

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Virtual environments are typically associated with entertainment and a fast subjective passage of time. This study examined the opposite effect by exposing participants (n = 83) to a virtual reality (VR) waiting room for 7.5 min. We assessed the participants' capacity for emotion regulation and self-control as well as their level of boredom, affective states, and experience of time while waiting. We designed this study after one previously conducted by Witowska et al. ( 2020) in a real waiting room, based on which we modeled the virtual room to compare the results. We expected our VR study to yield similar results to the real waiting room study, with correlations between boredom and a slower passage of time and increased thinking about time. Participants with a higher capacity for emotion regulation and self-control were expected to be less bored and experience time as passing faster than others. VR being an interesting new technology, we hypothesized that the virtual waiting room would be less boring and therefore lead to a faster subjective passage of time than the real room. Our results partly confirm the findings of the real waiting room study, showing correlations between boredom and increased thinking about time and a slower subjective passage of time. Contrary to our expectations, waiting in VR was more boring and led to a slower experience of time and more thoughts about time than waiting in the real room. We did not find the expected effect of emotion regulation and self-control on boredom and time perception.

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“…a more immersive experience), although Matthews, Stewart & Weardon (2011) argue that this may not be entirely accurate. Altered time perception may not necessarily be due to the VE, but rather the particular level and type of stimuli of a given VE or task(s) within a VE (van der Ham, Klaassen, van Schie & Cuperus, 2019). This suggests that perceived time accuracy in VEs depend upon a myriad of factors, including simulation or technology medium, length of exposure, visual and auditory conditions, passive vs. active engagement, emotional context and individual factors of the users themselves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…years, days, hours, seconds, etc.) (Seow, 2008). Different technologies and systems are used to define, organize, measure and ultimately objectify "time" (Seow, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Time Duration Estimations in Virtual Reality

Mallam

Ernstsen

Nazir

2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Virtual Reality Head Mounted Displays (VR HMDs) offer highly immersive experiences that may alter users’ awareness and perception of the “real-world”. This paper investigates users’ perception of short duration (<5 minutes) time periods during simulated scenarios between two different simulation mediums. Fifty participants (Age: M=29.2 years; SD=10.7 years; 15 Females; 35 Males) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (i) VR HMD or (ii) desktop computer configuration, where they performed identical searching tasks within a virtual environment three consecutive times. After each virtual session participants were asked to verbally report their perception of time duration. Results reveal that participants across both groups overestimated time duration in virtual environments by an average of 20.3%. As participants gained experience performing the task repeatedly across three consecutive attempts, their task completion time reduced (i.e. learning effect). However, participants’ accuracy of time perception continued to be consistently overestimated across both conditions.

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Elapsed time estimates in virtual reality and the physical world: The role of arousal and emotional valence

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy

The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy

What happens while waiting in virtual reality? A comparison between a virtual and a real waiting situation concerning boredom, self-regulation, and the experience of time.

Accuracy of Time Duration Estimations in Virtual Reality

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