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Massarella, Joseph; Nazareno, L. A.; Passe, Sharon; Min, Bo H.

doi:10.1023/a:1016009029536

Cited by 26 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[ 64 ]. Examples of DDIs mediated by OAT1 transporters include acyclovir/zalcitabine and probenecid [ 65 , 66 ]; DDIs mediated by P-gp transporters include digoxin, verapamil, etc. [ 67 ].…”

Section: Renal Transporter-mediated Ddismentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Methods and New Advances in Drug–Drug Interactions Mediated by Renal Transporters

et al. 2023

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The kidney is critical in the human body’s excretion of drugs and their metabolites. Renal transporters participate in actively secreting substances from the proximal tubular cells and reabsorbing them in the distal renal tubules. They can affect the clearance rates (CLr) of drugs and their metabolites, eventually influence the clinical efficiency and side effects of drugs, and may produce drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of clinical significance. Renal transporters and renal transporter-mediated DDIs have also been studied by many researchers. In this article, the main types of in vitro research models used for the study of renal transporter-mediated DDIs are membrane-based assays, cell-based assays, and the renal slice uptake model. In vivo research models include animal experiments, gene knockout animal models, positron emission tomography (PET) technology, and studies on human beings. In addition, in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), ex vivo kidney perfusion (EVKP) models, and, more recently, biomarker methods and in silico models are included. This article reviews the traditional research methods of renal transporter-mediated DDIs, updates the recent progress in the development of the methods, and then classifies and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Through the sorting work conducted in this paper, it will be convenient for researchers at different learning stages to choose the best method for their own research based on their own subject’s situation when they are going to study DDIs mediated by renal transporters.

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Section: Renal Transporter-mediated Ddismentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Methods and New Advances in Drug–Drug Interactions Mediated by Renal Transporters

et al. 2023

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“…It is noteworthy to mention that probenecid, a uricosuric drug which blocks astroglial pannexin channels and possibly P-glycoproteins, has also been tested effectively to potentiate the anti-retroviral effects of several nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [15]. Probenecid has been extensively used in conjugation with anti-retrovirals such as Tenofovir, Zalcitabine and Zidovudine, due to its ability to enhance the clinical effects of HIV drugs by limiting their renal tubular secretion [16]. Hence, the effective concentration of anti-retrovirals is increased in the cells, leading to higher efficacy (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of HIV Neuropathogenesis: Role of Cellular Communication Systems

Malik¹,

Eugenín

2016

CHR

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Background One of the major complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is the development of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HANDs) inpproximately 50–60% of HIV infected individuals. Despite undetectable viral loads in the periphery owing to anti-retroviral therapy, neuroinflammation and neurocognitive impairment are still prevalent in HIV infected individuals. Several studies indicate that the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities observed in HIV infected individuals are not a direct effect of viral replication in the CNS, rather these neurological abnormalities are associated with amplification of HIV specific signals by unknown mechanisms. We propose that some of these mechanisms of damage amplification are mediated by gap junction channels, pannexin and connexin hemichannels, tunneling nanotubes and microvesicles/exosomes. Objective Our laboratory and others have demonstrated that HIV infection targets cell to cell communication by altering all these communication systems resulting in enhanced bystander apoptosis of uninfected cells, inflammation and viral infection. Here we discuss the role of these communication systems in HIV neuropathogenesis. Conclusion In the current manuscript, we have described the mechanisms by which HIV “hijacks” these host cellular communication systems, leading to exacerbation of HIV neuropathogenesis, and to simultaneously promote the survival of HIV infected cells, resulting in the establishment of viral reservoirs.

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The Effects of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Zalcitabine

Bazunga

Tran

Kertland

et al. 1998

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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The pharmacokinetics of zalcitabine (ddC) were studied in three groups of subjects with varying degrees of renal function: group I (n = 5), creatinine clearance (Clcr) 0-10 mL/min; group II (n = 10), Clcr 11-50 mL/min; and group III (n = 8), Clcr > 50 mL/min. Each patient received a single 0.75-mg oral dose of zalcitabine, and multiple blood and urine samples were collected over a 10-hour period after administration. Plasma and urine concentrations of zalcitabine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three groups in maximum concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), or volume of distribution (V/F). Also, elimination half-life (t1/2), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-10), total body clearance (Cl/F), elimination rate constant (Ke), and renal clearance (Clr) did not differ significantly between the two groups with renal impairment (groups I and II). However, there was a significant difference in these parameters between groups with renal impairment (I and II) and group III. A linear correlation was observed between creatinine clearance (Clcr) and Clr, Ke, and Cl/F in all subjects. Clearance of zalcitabine is decreased after a single oral dose in patients with renal impairment. Dosage adjustment may be warranted in such patients, especially in those with severe renal impairment.

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Untitled

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

Research Methods and New Advances in Drug–Drug Interactions Mediated by Renal Transporters

Research Methods and New Advances in Drug–Drug Interactions Mediated by Renal Transporters

Mechanisms of HIV Neuropathogenesis: Role of Cellular Communication Systems

The Effects of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Zalcitabine

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