El pulgón del ciprés en Chile: una revisión de la situación actual y antecedentes del control biológico

Abstract

El pulgón del ciprés en Chile: una revisión de la situación actual y antecedentes del control biológicoThe cypress aphid in Chile: A review of the current situation and preliminary data of the biological control SUMMARYThe cypress aphid Cinara cupressi is considered one of the most important exotic invasive species in the world and now is present in all the national continental territory, affecting native forest species like ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis) and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), as other exotic species used for ornamental trees in the urban area. The forest area of Chile has promoted and privileged the use of biological controls as part of the integrated pest management; so has Pauesia juniperorum been used to control C. cupressi; however, low levels of parasitism have been detected. Some aspects about the biology and behavior of C. cupressi and the biological control identified in our country are analyzed and discussed, as well as the measures implemented by the government considering that this was the first detection of a significant exotic pest associated with native forest species. It is proposed to assess, in the future, timing and level of parasitism of the biological control P. juniperorum, to determine if the parasitoid has been established in the whole territory or it is necessary to complement with other agents such as Lecanicillium lecanii or other biocontrol agents as Xenostigmus bifasciatus, which could be alternatively evaluated in order to reach a better control to reduce the populations of this aphid that threatens forest species of great value to our national heritage and some species used as ornamentals trees.

Microbial Control of Invasive Forest Pests with Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Review of the Current Situation

“…It is exclusively associated with conifers in the Cupressaceae and Pinaceae families. These aphids feed on smaller twigs in the foliated parts of the crown and frequently cause branch die-back, resulting in damage to natural forests and plantations [15,16,17]. The aphid inserts its buccal stylet into the tree until it reaches the phloem and ingests large quantities of phloem sap, which is rich in sugars.…”

“…and Bizzarri, and the Patagonian cypress, Fitzroya cupressoides I. M. Johnst. [17,25,26]. To minimize the impact of C. cupressi on A. chilensis , several governmental agencies promote a pest management program with an emphasis on biological control [17,25].…”

“…A survey of entomopathogenic fungi of C. cupressi , was carried out in southern Chile (project DID 2011-11) between 2007 and 2013. Several strains of Lecanicillium attenuatum were isolated and a Neozygites species wasreported from naturally infected C. cupressi cadavers (Figure 1) in different localities [17,101]. Several laboratory studies around the world demonstrated high levels of mortality in C. cupressi with entomopathogenic fungi of the order Hypocreales, especially with Lecanicillium sp.…”

Evaluación De La Virulencia De Hongos Entomopatógenos Del Pulgón Del Ciprés, De Dos Regiones Ecológicas De Chile. Ii

“…Las cepas evaluadas correspondieron a aquellas determinadas en la publicación previa (Montalva et al, 2010) más dos cepas de Beauveria y dos cepas de Metarhizium mantenidas en el Laboratorio Fitopatología SAG Osorno. Para la evaluación de virulencia se colocó al interior de una placa Petri de 9 cm de diámetro con agar agua (2%) un segmento de rama de C. macrocarpa de 8 cm de longitud (Vu et al 2007), esta rama fue previamente desinfectada Montalva (2008).…”

“…Existen pocos antecedentes de hongos entomopatógenos en Chile asociados a C. cupressi y sólo han recibido alguna atención en los últimos años. Este estudio es una continuación del trabajo prospección de hongos entomopatógenos del pulgón del ciprés en dos regiones ecológicas de Chile publicado por Montalva et al (2010). En esta segunda parte se muestran los resultados de las evaluaciones de virulencia bajo condiciones de laboratorio de las cepas determinadas.…”