“…Some works reconstruct the history of Islamist parties through their relationship with the founding Islamist organisation and draw attention to their members' experience during the years of exile and clandestinity (McCarthy, 2018;Wolf, 2017). Others focus on the parties and movements' participation in the political and electoral game (Masoud, 2014;Pellicer & Wegner, 2014;Szmolka, 2015Szmolka, , 2019Wegner & Cavatorta, 2019), the nature and characteristics of parties' membership (Cimini, 2020;Tomé-Alonso, 2016) or a more far-reaching comparative perspective (Esposito et al, 2018;Kraetzchmar & Rivetti, 2018). More recently, some researchers have turned to the foreign relations of Islamist actors (Abouzzohour & Tomé-Alonso, 2019;Adraoui, 2018;Azaola-Piazza, 2019;Fernández-Molina et al, 2019;Schraeder et al, 2019).…”