El Niño: Dynamics, its role in climate change, and its effects on climate variability

ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT OF GIANT KELP (MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, PHAEOPHYCEAE) EMBRYONIC SPOROPHYTES: A MECHANISM FOR DELAYED RECRUITMENT IN PERENNIAL KELPS?1

“…Over the past half century, M. pyrifera has shown a remarkable ability to recolonize large areas after disturbance (Dayton 1985, Ladah et al 1999). If, as some authors have suggested, large‐scale climate fluctuations such as the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation continue to increase in frequency and severity (Hunt 2001), recolonization of large disturbed areas by other mechanisms (e.g. long‐distance dispersal of drifting adults or concentrated spore pulses) may become increasingly unlikely.…”

Climate Change and Extreme Events: An Assessment of Economic Implications

“…8 We then consider a second model, on the relationship between temperature variation and frequency of ENSO phases. The existence of such a connection is suggested by Hunt (2001), who reports evidence on relative frequency of ENSO states, during periods characterized by different temperature variations. As it can be seen in figure 2, warm ENSO events appear to be more likely the higher the rate of increase of temperature (measured as variation in a century: ∆T ).…”