El género como determinante de la salud mental y su medicalización. Informe SESPAS 2020

Bacigalupe, Amaia; Cabezas, Andrea Herrera; Bueno, Mikel Baza; Martín, Unai

doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.06.013

Cited by 45 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Our results indicate that belonging to the most vulnerable social groups increases gender inequalities in the diagnosis of depression and in the treatment prescribed. Similarly, the results of another study [ 32 ] about the medicalisation of anxiety and depression, pointed to the over-medicalisation of mental health in women and confirmed the importance of an intersectional approach; that study found that the most vulnerable social groups were more likely to suffer from the medicalisation of their mental health than their peers, and reported an even clearer social gradient than the one observed here. This suggests that the interrelationship between different dimensions of inequality may influence the response of practitioners to women of lower socioeconomic status and may thus increase the latter’s vulnerability to gender biases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Spain: Are There Gender Inequalities?

Cabezas-Rodríguez

Bacigalupe

Martín

2020

IJERPH

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It is well known that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with depression and to consume antidepressants. The factors related to the medicalisation of depression and their social distribution remain unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse gender inequalities in the medicalisation of depression from an intersectional perspective. This was a cross-sectional study based on data from the European Health Survey relating to Spain. Gender inequalities were calculated using prevalence ratios of women compared to men with a diagnosis of depression and antidepressant use, adjusted for age, depressive symptoms, primary care visits and diagnosis of depression in the case of antidepressant use. After adjustments, the diagnosis of depression and the use of antidepressants were more prevalent in women, especially of lower socioeconomic levels. Gender inequalities in the diagnosis of depression also increased with decreasing level of education. Regarding the use of antidepressants, gender inequalities were not significant in university graduates and people of higher social. The gender inequalities found in the diagnosis and treatment of depression cannot be completely attributed to a higher level of depressive symptoms in women or their greater frequency of visits to primary care. Inequalities are greater in more vulnerable social groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Spain: Are There Gender Inequalities?

Cabezas-Rodríguez

Bacigalupe

Martín

2020

IJERPH

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“…Specifically, several studies have indicated that women not only have poorer mental health but also that those who are more vulnerable tend to have an even poorer mental health status (Busch et al, 2013). This is especially evident among women who are immigrants (Jurado et al, 2014) or have a lower level of education or social class (Bacigalupe et al, 2020), whose mental health tends to be poorer than those who are not socially deprived.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which are the intermediate determinants of gender inequalities in mental health?: A scoping review

Cabezas-Rodríguez

Utzet

Bacigalupe

2021

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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Background: Gender segmentation in the labour market and women’s greater burden of domestic work and caregiving increase their risk of developing mental health problems, especially in vulnerable social groups. Aims: The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the role of working and labour conditions, domestic work and caregiving and social support in gender inequalities in mental health, as well as to assess whether studies have taken an intersectional approach, describing its role in gender inequalities in mental health. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2019 in PubMed, Scopus, WoS and PsycInfo, in Spanish and English, conducted in the European Economic Area in populations aged between 25 and 65 years. Studies were excluded if they were qualitative, focused on sexual identity or factors based on biological differences, or considered use of medical services, medicalisation or suicide as the outcome variable. Results: A total of 30 articles were included, of which only four concerned studies in which intersectional analysis had been performed. The mental health of men was seen to be more influenced by employment conditions and that of women by working conditions, the double presence and civil status. Further, depending on the size of the household (women) and unemployment (men), people in lower social classes had poorer mental health outcomes. Conclusions: The results may be useful for designing policies focused on reducing gender inequalities in mental health. Additionally, they show the need for taking an intersectional perspective.

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“…Women’s tendency to develop emotional disorders is described in the mental health and public health report of the Carlos III Institute of Health. 15 In addition, a recent study by Bacigalupe et al 39 also suggests that unequal living conditions between the two genders and the possible overdiagnosis and medicalisation of women’s mental health could explain this trend. Lau et al 40 reported an increased risk of psychological discomfort associated with the female gender during other epidemics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender perspective of psychological discomfort during COVID-19 confinement among Spanish adult population: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveCOVID-19 disease has affected more than a hundred countries worldwide and has exposed the population to an increase in mental health problems. The objective of this study was to assess the emotional impact of the pandemic from a gender perspective, as well as to study the modulating variables of that impact.DesignA descriptive and cross-sectional study through the General Health Questionnaire scale and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale is developed.SettingGeneral population of Spain was the target of this studyParticipantsThe sample consisted of 3801 adult subjects living in Spain, without diagnosis for Sars-Cov-2 virus infection during confinement.InterventionData collection was carried out using an online questionnaire, from 26 March 2020 to 26 April 2020.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresA sample profile description was obtained, regarding to the study variables. Later, a regression model was implemented in order to test the relationship between these variables, and to achieve a predictive model of psychological discomfort controlling the gender variable.ResultsThe results showed that women, as compared with men, had increased psychological discomfort during confinement (t=−12.877; p<0.001; d=0.470). In contrast, significantly higher scores were observed on the SOC scale (t=6.336; p<0.001; d=0.231) in men, as compared with those obtained by women.ConclusionsWomen have higher levels of psychological discomfort, increased concern about getting infected with COVID-19 and infecting others, as well as a lower level of SOC and perceived health. In addition, low levels of SOC predict greater concern about contagion and increased psychological discomfort.

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El género como determinante de la salud mental y su medicalización. Informe SESPAS 2020

Cited by 45 publications

References 24 publications

Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Spain: Are There Gender Inequalities?

Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Spain: Are There Gender Inequalities?

Which are the intermediate determinants of gender inequalities in mental health?: A scoping review

Gender perspective of psychological discomfort during COVID-19 confinement among Spanish adult population: a cross-sectional study

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