Ejection explosion in sand

Кузнецов, В. М.; Shatsukevich, A. F.; Romanov, A. R.

doi:10.1007/bf00790452

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Soils underlying munitions impact sites and training or demolition areas are commonly fractured from explosives detonations. Explosives compounds are optimized for their brisance, their ability to shatter target materials (Kuznetsov et al, 1979; Eremenko and Nesterenko, 1989; Pepekin and Gubin, 2007), which include training range soil particles. All other features being similar, fresh mineral surfaces (and newly created microparticles of them) are more geochemically reactive than weathered surfaces (Stallard and Edmond, 1983; Anbeek, 1992).…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigating the Fate of Nitroaromatic (TNT) and Nitramine (RDX and HMX) Explosives in Fractured and Pristine Soils

Douglas

Walsh

McGrath³

et al. 2009

J of Env Quality

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Explosives compounds, known toxins, are loaded to soils on military training ranges predominantly during explosives detonation events that likely fracture soil particles. This study was conducted to investigate the fate of explosives compounds in aqueous slurries containing fractured and pristine soil particles. Three soils were crushed with a piston to emulate detonation-induced fracturing. X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, gas adsorption surface area measurements, and scanning electron microscopy were used to quantify and image pristine and fractured soil particles. Aqueous batches were prepared by spiking soils with solutions containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT). Samples were collected over 92 d and the concentrations of the spiked explosives compounds and TNT transformation products 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT) were measured. Our results suggest soil mineralogical and geochemical compositions were not changed during piston-induced fracturing but morphological differences were evident with fractured soils exhibiting more angular surfaces, more fine grained particles, and some microfracturing that is not visible in the pristine samples. TNT, 2,4-DNT, RDX, and HMX exhibited greater analyte loss over time in batch solutions containing fractured soil particles compared to their pristine counterparts. 2ADNT and 4ADNT exhibited greater concentrations in slurries containing pristine soils than in slurries containing fractured soils. Explosives compound transformation is greater in the presence of fractured soil particles than in the presence of pristine soil particles. Our results imply fractured soil particles promote explosive compound transformation and/or explosives compounds have a greater affinity for adsorption to fractured soil particle surfaces.

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confidence: 99%

Investigating the Fate of Nitroaromatic (TNT) and Nitramine (RDX and HMX) Explosives in Fractured and Pristine Soils

Douglas

Walsh

McGrath³

et al. 2009

J of Env Quality

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“…Thus, the four equations (9)- (12) can be used for the determination of the four coefficients in formula (8). Thus, the four equations (9)- (12) can be used for the determination of the four coefficients in formula (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Throwout index functions and dimensions of explosion craters and excavations

1984

Soviet Mining Science

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“…However, explosive compounds are designed for brisance, their ability to shatter materials [19,20]. Detonation events likely create fresh (unweathered) mineral surfaces which are coated with a combination of explosive residues (soot), undetonated explosive material, and other volatilized or remobilized range soil materials [6,7,21].…”

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confidence: 99%

Desorption of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosive residues from soils detonated under controlled conditions

Douglas

Walsh

McGrath

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Potentially toxic nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds are introduced onto soils during detonation of explosives. The present study was conducted to investigate the desorption and transformation of explosive compounds loaded onto three soils through controlled detonation. The soils were proximally detonated with Composition B, a commonly used military explosive containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Gas-exchangeable surface areas were measured from pristine and detonated soils. Aqueous batches of detonated soils were prepared by mixing each soil with ultrapure water. Samples were collected for 141 d and concentrations of Composition B compounds and TNT transformation products 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT), and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB) were measured. The RDX, HMX, and TNT concentrations in detonated soil batches exhibited first-order physical desorption for the first, roughly, 10 d and then reached steady state apparent equilibrium within 40 d. An aqueous batch containing powdered Composition B in water was sampled over time to quantify TNT, RDX, and HMX dissolution from undetonated Composition B particles. The TNT, RDX, and HMX concentrations in aqueous batches of pure Composition B reached equilibrium within 6, 11, and 20 d, respectively. Detonated soils exhibited lower gas-exchangeable surface areas than their pristine counterparts. This is likely due to an explosive residue coating on detonated soil surfaces, shock-induced compaction, sintering, and/or partial fusion of soil particles under the intense heat associated with detonation. Our results suggest that explosive compounds loaded to soils through detonation take longer to reach equilibrium concentrations in aqueous batches than soils loaded with explosive residues through aqueous addition. This is likely due to the heterogeneous interactions between explosive residues and soil particle surfaces.

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Ejection explosion in sand

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

Investigating the Fate of Nitroaromatic (TNT) and Nitramine (RDX and HMX) Explosives in Fractured and Pristine Soils

Investigating the Fate of Nitroaromatic (TNT) and Nitramine (RDX and HMX) Explosives in Fractured and Pristine Soils

Throwout index functions and dimensions of explosion craters and excavations

Desorption of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosive residues from soils detonated under controlled conditions

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