EIR1, a root-specific protein involved  in auxin transport, is required  for gravitropism in<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Luschnig, Christian; Gaxiola, Roberto A.; Grisafi, Paula; Fink, Gerald R.

doi:10.1101/gad.12.14.2175

Cited by 763 publications

(756 citation statements)

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“…The distribution of auxin depends on both auxin metabolism (biosynthesis, conjugation and degradation) [8][9][10] and cellular auxin transport [11][12][13][14][15] . We identified in silico a novel putative auxin transport facilitator family, called PIN-LIKES (PILS).…”

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confidence: 99%

A novel putative auxin carrier family regulates intracellular auxin homeostasis in plants

Barbez

Kubeš

Rolčı́k

et al. 2012

Nature

356

406

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The phytohormone auxin acts as a prominent signal, providing, by its local accumulation or depletion in selected cells, a spatial and temporal reference for changes in the developmental program [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] . The distribution of auxin depends on both auxin metabolism (biosynthesis, conjugation and degradation) [8][9][10] and cellular auxin transport [11][12][13][14][15] . We identified in silico a novel putative auxin transport facilitator family, called PIN-LIKES (PILS). Here we illustrate that PILS proteins are required for auxin-dependent regulation of plant growth by determining the cellular sensitivity to auxin. PILS proteins regulate intracellular auxin accumulation at the endoplasmic reticulum and thus auxin availability for nuclear auxin signalling. PILS activity affects the level of endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), presumably via intracellular accumulation and metabolism. Our findings reveal that the transport machinery to compartmentalize auxin within the cell is of an unexpected molecular complexity and demonstrate this compartmentalization to be functionally important for a number of developmental processes.Prominent auxin carriers with fundamental importance during plant development are PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins [1][2][3]6,9,15 . PIN1-type auxin carriers regulate the directional intercellular auxin transport at the plasma membrane. In contrast, atypical family member PIN5 regulates intracellular auxin compartmentalization into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and its role in auxin homeostasis was recently identified 15,16 . PIN proteins have a predicted central hydrophilic loop, flanked at each side by five transmembrane domains. We screened in silico for novel PIN-like putative carrier proteins with a predicted topology similar to PIN proteins ( Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 2) and identified a protein family of seven members (Fig. 1b) in Arabidopsis thaliana, which we designated as the PILS proteins. In contrast to the similarities in the predicted protein topology, PIN and PILS proteins do not show pronounced protein sequence identity (10-18%), which limits the identification of PILS proteins by conventional, reciprocal basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) approaches. However, the distinct PIN and PILS protein families contain both the InterPro auxin carrier domain which is an insilico-defined domain, aiming to predict auxin transport function (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/panda/InterPro.html). The PILS putative carrier family is conserved throughout the whole plant lineage, including unicellular algae (such as Ostreococcus tauri and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) (Supplementary Fig. 3) where PIN proteins are absent 16 , indicating that PILS proteins are evolutionarily older.PILS genes are broadly expressed in various tissues (Fig. 1c) and PILS2-PILS7 were transcriptionally upregulated by auxin application in wild-type seedlings (Fig. 1d-f and Supplementary Fig. 4), indicating a role in auxin-dependent processes. To investigate the potential function of the putative PILS auxi...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel putative auxin carrier family regulates intracellular auxin homeostasis in plants

Barbez

Kubeš

Rolčı́k

et al. 2012

Nature

356

406

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“…Brassica juncea and tobacco plants were grown in the green house with a 12 h light (26 ) and 12 h dark (20 ) period. Arabidopsis plants were grown in a phytotron in soil with a 16 h light (22 ) and 8 h dark (15 ) period. [29].…”

Section: Bacteria and Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further proof of AUX1 as an auxin influx carrier was provided by the work of Yamamoto and Yamamoto (1998) [19]. A breakthrough in the study of polar auxin transport has been marked with the cloning of two genes, Atpin1 and Atpin2, which encoded presumptive auxin efflux carriers [20][21][22][23][24]. Pin-formed inflorescence and decreased polar auxin transport activity of the Arabidopsis pin1 mutant indicated that the primary function of the AtPIN1 protein was for polar auxin transport in the inflorescence axis [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the AtPIN2 together with the AUX1 may act as the component of auxin efflux and influx carrier respectively and take part in the auxin transport from the tip to the base of the root (the basipetal stream), which was required for the root gravitropic. The most compelling evidence of AtPIN2 as a component of auxin efflux carrier came from the experiments with AtPIN2-expressing yeast cells which were resistant to toxic fluoroindoles, an IAA analogy [22], and released preloaded IAA more rapidly than control cells, suggesting that AtPIN2 transports IAA out of the yeast cells [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date several genes encoding auxin efflux carriers, Atpin1 [1][21], Atpin2/eir 1 [22], [23], and Atpin4 [26], have been isolated and some genes encoding PIN-like proteins were detected from Arabidopsis genome. We are interested in the function of auxin and polar auxin transport on plant development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and functional analysis of a Brassica juncea gene encoding a component of auxin efflux carrier

Chen

et al. 2002

Cell Res

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Polar auxin transport plays a divergent role in plant growth and developmental processes including root and embryo development, vascular pattern formation and cell elongation. Recently isolated Arabidopsis pin gene family was believed to encode a component of auxin efflux carrier . Based on the Arabidopsis pin1 sequence we have isolated a Brassica juncea cDNA (designated Bjpin1), which encoded a 70-kDa putative auxin efflux carrier. Deduced BjPIN1 shared 65% identities at protein level with AtPIN1 and was highly homologous to other putative PIN proteins of Arabidopsis (with highest homology to AtPIN3). Hydrophobic analysis showed similar structures between BjPIN1 and AtPIN proteins. Presence of 6 exons (varying in size between 65 bp and 1229 bp) and 5 introns (sizes between 89 bp and 463 bp) in the genomic fragment was revealed by comparing the genomic and cDNA sequences. Northern blot analysis indicated that Bjpin1 was expressed in most of the tissues tested, with a relatively higher level of transcript in flowers and a lower level in root tissues. Promoter-reporter gene fusion studies further revealed the expression of Bjpin1 in the mature pollen grains, young seeds, root tip, leaf vascular tissue and trace bundle, stem epidermis, cortex and vascular cells. BjPIN1 was localized on the plasma membrane as demonstrated through fusion expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Auxin efflux carrier activity was elevated in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing BjPIN1.

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Role of auxinic herbicide-induced ethylene on hypocotyl elongation and root/hypocotyl radial expansion

2000

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Effects of auxinic herbicides on growth/development, ethylene biosynthesis and gene expression were studied in Sinapis arvensis as well as wild type, auxin‐resistant and ethylene‐insensitive lines of Arabidopsis thaliana. Expansion of the radius of the root/hypocotyl and inhibition of root and hypocotyl elongation were observed in seedlings of S arvensis and wild‐type A thaliana treated with the auxinic herbicide 2,4‐D. All of these morphological changes, except for inhibition of root elongation, are caused by auxinic herbicide‐induced ethylene biosynthesis, which is caused by transcriptional activation of auxin‐inducible genes encoding 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid synthase (ACS). We are the first to distinguish that two types of signal/mechanism exist; the first results from auxinic herbicide‐induced ethylene while the second mechanism is not mediated by ethylene. We identified and characterized seven members of ACS gene family in wild mustard and studied the auxin‐induced expression of these genes. The significance of these findings in understanding the molecular basis for the morphological changes associated with auxinic herbicide action is discussed. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

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EIR1, a root-specific protein involved in auxin transport, is required for gravitropism inArabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 763 publications

References 49 publications

A novel putative auxin carrier family regulates intracellular auxin homeostasis in plants

A novel putative auxin carrier family regulates intracellular auxin homeostasis in plants

Isolation and functional analysis of a Brassica juncea gene encoding a component of auxin efflux carrier

Role of auxinic herbicide-induced ethylene on hypocotyl elongation and root/hypocotyl radial expansion

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