Einthoven and Precordial Lead Accuracy of Smartwatch-Acquired Electrocardiographs: A Review of the Literature

Wilkinson-Stokes, Matt

doi:10.33151/ajp.17.816

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…For example, for the three lead ECGs, initially the left lower electrode was placed on the ankle, however, later the proximal lower limb, which is nowadays known as the Lund system, was introduced as a position to reduce artefacts [ 25 ]. Placing the left lower electrode on the left torso was another approach which was used in different studies [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility and Reliability of Smartwatch to Obtain Precordial Lead Electrocardiogram Recordings

Sprenger

Shamloo

Schäfer

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The Apple Watch is capable of recording single-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). To incorporate such devices in routine medical care, the reliability of such devices to obtain precordial leads needs to be validated. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and reliability of a smartwatch (SW) to obtain precordial leads compared to standard ECGs. We included 100 participants (62 male, aged 62.8 ± 13.1 years) with sinus rhythm and recorded a standard 12-lead ECG and the precordial leads with the Apple Watch. The ECGs were quantitively compared. A total of 98 patients were able to record precordial leads without assistance. A strong correlation was observed between the amplitude of the standard and SW-ECGs’ waves, in terms of P waves, QRS-complexes, and T waves (all p-values < 0.01). A significant correlation was observed between the two methods regarding the duration of the ECG waves (all p-values < 0.01). Assessment of polarity showed a significant and a strong concordance between the ECGs’ waves in all six leads (91–100%, all p-values < 0.001). In conclusion, 98% of patients were able to record precordial leads using a SW without assistance. The SW is feasible and reliable for obtaining valid precordial-lead ECG recordings as a validated alternative to a standard ECG.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility and Reliability of Smartwatch to Obtain Precordial Lead Electrocardiogram Recordings

Sprenger

Shamloo

Schäfer

et al. 2022

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Using the Apple Watch, a bipolar system, to generate the augmented vector leads is difficult because it cannot create 2 negative poles. 23 Although some methods are available for producing such signals on the Apple Watch, no peerreviewed studies have been published that describe or compare their accuracy with that of the standard ECG.…”

Section: Augmented Vector Leads Avl Avr and Avfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the Apple Watch to Record Multiple-Lead Electrocardiograms in Detecting Myocardial Infarction: Where Are We Now?

Li¹,

Elgalad²,

Cardoso³

et al. 2022

Texas Heart Institute Journal

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Although the outcome after myocardial infarction depends on the time to treatment, a delay between symptom onset and treatment is common. Apple Watch, a popular wearable device, provides the ability to perform an electrocardiogram. We review the progress made in using the Apple Watch to record multiple electrocardiogram leads for diagnosing myocardial infarction. Although the data are encouraging, many limitations remain, and more research is needed. Nevertheless, the Apple Watch could eventually serve as a self-check tool for patients who have chest pains or other symptoms of myocardial infarction, thus substantially decreasing the time to treatment and improving the outcome after myocardial infarction.

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Individual Use of Smartwatches with Self-Monitoring EKG Functionality for Diagnosing Arrhythmias: A Scoping Review (Preprint)

Ali¹

2021

Preprint

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BACKGROUND cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become prevalent in the world. They cause millions of deaths globally with the World Health Organization putting the figure at 17.9 million people every year. These statistics indicate the need for healthcare systems to leverage contemporary advanced technology to detect and diagnose CVDs and provide appropriate and timely care to reduce mortality rates. OBJECTIVE To conduct a scoping review exploring individual use of smartwatches with self-monitoring ECG functionality for diagnosing arrhythmias. METHODS Source were selected from six credible bibliographic databases: PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Intervention-related terms were used to identify relevant sources. Additionally, a forward search strategy was used to search the databases and identify appropriate peer-reviewed journals. RESULTS The research returned 230 sources, out of which 40 met the inclusion criterion. The studies revealed that increased research, development, and adoption of smartwatches and other wearable devices have intensified in the past two decades. The studies showed that using smartwatches can detect cardiac arrhythmias although this depends on the algorithms and biometric sensors utilized in the smartwatches. Watches with advanced algorithms, PPG, and EKG functionalities exhibit high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, detecting AFib and other arrhythmias with high efficacy. Therefore, the best way for technology companies to improve their watches’ accuracy is to design and use advanced algorithms and combine PPG, EKG, activity, and biochemical sensors. Conclusion: The contemporary healthcare space is replete with wearable and non-wearable ¬systems and devices central to detecting health conditions and informing the relevant stakeholders to take corrective actions. Smartwatches are wearable devices used chiefly by patients, health, and fitness enthusiasts to detect and monitor a series of conditions, such as heart rate. Their use has fostered timely detection of cardiac arrhythmias, and therefore, caregivers and policy-makers should emphasize their use. CONCLUSIONS Technological systems have proliferated many human spaces in the last three decades, including education, healthcare, and entertainment. Their use has improved operational efficiency, reduced costs, saved lives, and increased organizations’ bottom lines. Healthcare systems use technological devices and appliances to diagnose patients, perform surgeries, improve pharmacy operations, and reduce medical errors. That way, most healthcare facilities provide quality care, attaining positive clinical outcomes. The contemporary healthcare space is replete with wearable and non-wearable ¬systems and devices central to detecting health conditions and informing the relevant stakeholders – caregivers, patients, and family members – to take corrective actions. Smartwatches are wearable devices used chiefly by patients, health, and fitness enthusiasts to detect and monitor a series of conditions, such as heart rate. They are highly effective in detecting cardiac arrhythmias, and therefore, caregivers and policy-makers should emphasize their use.

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Einthoven and Precordial Lead Accuracy of Smartwatch-Acquired Electrocardiographs: A Review of the Literature

Cited by 3 publications

References 42 publications

Feasibility and Reliability of Smartwatch to Obtain Precordial Lead Electrocardiogram Recordings

Feasibility and Reliability of Smartwatch to Obtain Precordial Lead Electrocardiogram Recordings

Using the Apple Watch to Record Multiple-Lead Electrocardiograms in Detecting Myocardial Infarction: Where Are We Now?

Individual Use of Smartwatches with Self-Monitoring EKG Functionality for Diagnosing Arrhythmias: A Scoping Review (Preprint)

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