Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering and Bell nonlocality of two macroscopic mechanical oscillators in optomechanical systems

Abstract

We investigate under which conditions quantum nonlocal manifestations as Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering or Bell nonlocality can manifest themselves even at the macroscopic level of two mechanical resonators in optomechanical systems. We adopt the powerful scheme of reservoir engineering, implemented by driving a cavity mode with a properly chosen two-tone field, to prepare two mechanical oscillators into an entangled state. We show that large and robust (both one-way and two-way) steering could be achieved in the steady state with realistic parameters. We analyze the mechanism of the asymmetric nature of steering in our system of two-mode Gaussian state. However, unlike steering, Bell nonlocality is present under much more stringent conditions. We consider two types of measurements, displaced parity and on-off detection, respectively. We show that for both the measurements Bell violation requires very low environmental temperature. For the parity detection, large Bell violation is observed only in the transient state when the mechanical modes decouple from the optical mode and with extremely small cavity losses and mechanical damping. Whereas for the on-off detection, moderate Bell violation is found in the steady state and robust against cavity losses and mechanical damping. Although Bell violation with the parity detection seems extremely challenging to be experimentally demonstrated, the conditions required for violating Bell inequalities with the on-off detection are much less demanding.

Proposal for a Bell test in cavity optomagnonics

“…For the on-off detection, which measures the correlation between the vacuum state and all nonzero photon number states, the mean value of the measurement is proportional to the Q functions with Q(α, β) = 1 π 2 P (+1 + 1|αβ) and Q(α) = 1 π P (+1|α). The CHSH inequality could be formulated in terms of the Q functions as [55,60] When the detector efficiency η d and the transmissivity λ t of the beam splitter are considered, we follow the Ref. [58] and define the overall detection efficiency η = η d λ t .…”