Einstein–Bumblebee-dilaton black hole in Lifshitz spacetimes

Abstract

We investigate the critical behavior of Lifshitz black holes in Einstein-dilaton gravity in the context of spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking. Considering the effects of both the Bumblebee vacuum expectation value (VEV) and the fluctuations over the VEV, we obtained new asymptotically Lifshitz charged solutions in (3 + 1) dimensions. We consider the longitudinal massive mode of Lorentz violation (LV) as thermodynamic pressure, leading us to establish an $$P-V$$ P - V extended phase space. Within this framework, we derive the equation of state P(T, V), and subsequently identify the critical points, which manifest as discontinuities in the specific heat at constant pressure. Following this, we compute the Gibbs free energy, revealing a first-order phase transition within the model. Finally, we determine the critical exponents, demonstrating their equivalence to those observed in the Van der Waals system.