Eine neue Wandkarte der Klimagebiete der Erde^

Geiger, Rudolf; Pohl, Wolfgang

doi:10.3112/erdkunde.1954.01.04

Cited by 55 publications

(89 citation statements)

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“…We split some divisions that spanned wide latitude or elevation gradients along province boundaries and by clumping some divisions with provinces belonging to other divisions. This pseudodivision scheme partitions the hydrologic variability of the continental U.S. in a manner we deemed to be more ecologically meaningful than that afforded by other mapping schemes based on hydroclimatology (45), climate and vegetation (46), or point distribution of streamflow ''types'' (47).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homogenization of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity implications

Poff¹,

Olden

Merritt

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,259

866

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Global biodiversity in river and riparian ecosystems is generated and maintained by geographic variation in stream processes and fluvial disturbance regimes, which largely reflect regional differences in climate and geology. Extensive construction of dams by humans has greatly dampened the seasonal and interannual streamflow variability of rivers, thereby altering natural dynamics in ecologically important flows on continental to global scales. The cumulative effects of modification to regional-scale environmental templates caused by dams is largely unexplored but of critical conservation importance. Here, we use 186 long-term streamflow records on intermediate-sized rivers across the continental United States to show that dams have homogenized the flow regimes on third-through seventh-order rivers in 16 historically distinctive hydrologic regions over the course of the 20th century. This regional homogenization occurs chiefly through modification of the magnitude and timing of ecologically critical high and low flows. For 317 undammed reference rivers, no evidence for homogenization was found, despite documented changes in regional precipitation over this period. With an estimated average density of one dam every 48 km of third-through seventh-order river channel in the United States, dams arguably have a continental scale effect of homogenizing regionally distinct environmental templates, thereby creating conditions that favor the spread of cosmopolitan, nonindigenous species at the expense of locally adapted native biota. Quantitative analyses such as ours provide the basis for conservation and management actions aimed at restoring and maintaining native biodiversity and ecosystem function and resilience for regionally distinct ecosystems at continental to global scales. disturbance ͉ natural flow regime ͉ ecosystem sustainability ͉ environmental template

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homogenization of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity implications

Poff¹,

Olden

Merritt

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,259

866

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The Budyko (1963) maps are printed at a projection and scale that differ considerably from those of the latest Koppen-Geiger editions (Geiger and Pohl, 1954a;Geiger, 1961). The 1954 edition was available to us not only in the form of a large wall-map (Geiger and Pohl, 1954b) but also in the much more handy form of a DIN A4 leaflet.…”

Section: The Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 1954 edition was available to us not only in the form of a large wall-map (Geiger and Pohl, 1954b) but also in the much more handy form of a DIN A4 leaflet. Thus a transparent overlay exactly fitting the Budyko maps and including the boundaries of the areas of uniform climates according to the Koppen-Geiger map had to be prepared in order to be able to transfer the average values of the energy balance terms for the single months from the respective maps of the Budyko atlas.…”

Section: The Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristic surface energy balances for different climate types

Kraus

Alkhalaf

1995

Intl Journal of Climatology

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An attempt is made to answer the question of whether the different climate types of the Koppen-Geiger classification are also characterized by distinct annual courses of the surface energy balance terms. For this purpose the KoppenGeiger climate map was linked with Budyko's atlas of the heat balance of the Earth. For every climate area shown on the Koppen-Geiger map (and classified by a certain combination of up to three letters) the annual course of the energy balance terms was extracted from Budyko's atlas and plotted as an energy balance diagram. Then the annual courses of the energy balance terms of all areas classified as equable by Koppen-Geiger (i.e. being characterized by the same combination of up to three letters) and independent of where in the world they occur could be compared. It became evident from this that each climate type (characterized by a certain letter combination) shows a distinct structure for its energy balance diagram. Thus there is an unambiguous relationship between the Koppen-Geiger classification and the distinctive structure of the annual course of the components of the surface energy balance. There is only one exception: the BSh climate, with its transitional character throughout the world.

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“…A typical example are global climate classifications like the Köppen-Geiger approach [1,2,3] and its recent updates [4]. Classifications of this kind provide an intuitive way to discretize the Earth land surface properties, at the cost of a loss of information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Classifications: the Value of Unsupervised Clustering

Zscheischler

Mahecha

Harmeling

2012

Procedia Computer Science

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Classifying the land surface according to different climate zones is often a prerequisite for global diagnostic or predictive modelling studies. Classical classifications such as the prominent Köppen-Geiger (KG) approach rely on heuristic decision rules. Although these heuristics may transport some process understanding, such a discretization may appear "arbitrary" from a data oriented perspective. In this contribution we compare the precision of a KG classification to an unsupervised classification (k-means clustering). Generally speaking, we revisit the problem of "climate classification" by investigating the inherent patterns in multiple data streams in a purely data driven way. One question is whether we can reproduce the KG boundaries by exploring different combinations of climate and remotely sensed vegetation variables. In this context we also investigate whether climate and vegetation variables build similar clusters. In terms of statistical performances, k-means clearly outperforms classical climate classifications. However, a subsequent stability analysis only reveals a meaningful number of clusters if both climate and vegetation data are considered in the analysis. This is a setback for the hope to explain vegetation by means of climate alone. Clearly, classification schemes like Köppen-Geiger will play an important role in the future. However, future developments in this area need to be assessed based on data driven approaches.

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Eine neue Wandkarte der Klimagebiete der Erde^

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Homogenization of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity implications

Homogenization of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity implications

Characteristic surface energy balances for different climate types

Climate Classifications: the Value of Unsupervised Clustering

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