Eight years of experience with valve-regulated batteries for automotive use

Synthesis, Sintering Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Lead-Ceramic (Nano-) Composites for Acid Battery Grids

“…Indeed, Pb-Ca-Sn alloys present better mechanical and electrochemical properties considering Pb-Ca or Pb-Sb systems. In particular, the addition of tin to lead-calcium alloys dramatically improves the conductivity of corrosion products on the grid surface, allowing improved corrosion resistance and inhibition of the formation of non conductive layers at the grid-active material interface (Miraglio et al, 1995;Takahashi et al, 1995). Furthermore, tin increases the resistance corrosion in overcharge conditions because it leads to the rising of the oxygen overvoltage (Bui et al, 1997).…”

The Behavior of Oxygen Transport in Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries with Absorptive Glass Mat Separator

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Their existence is allowed by the successful application of the oxygen cycle, as is the case in the nickel-cadmium cell. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] During overcharge, oxygen and hydrogen evolve at the positive and negative electrodes, respectively.…”

“…In the past years valve-regulated lead-acid ͑VRLA͒ batteries have been widely used in uninterruptible power supplies ͑UPS͒, communications switch-operating in the power generation industry, electric vehicles, and even as starting, lighting, ignition batteries. [1][2][3][4][5] Their existence is allowed by the successful application of the oxygen cycle, as is the case in the nickel-cadmium cell. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] During overcharge, oxygen and hydrogen evolve at the positive and negative electrodes, respectively.…”