Eight Years Later, Are We Still Hurting Newborn Infants?

Abstract

Objective: To study whether new pharmacological and nonpharmacological guidelines lowered numbers of painful procedures in neonates and changed the amount and frequency of analgesic therapy as compared to the results of our previous study in 2001. Design: A prospective observational study. Setting: Level III NICU of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam. Participants: Neonates admitted at postnatal ages less than 3 days with length of stay at least 72 h. Main Outcome Measures: Number of all potentially painful procedures and analgesic therapy recorded at the bedside during the first 14 days of NICU stay. Results: A total number of 21,076 procedures were performed in the 175 neonates studied during 1,730 patient-days (mean 12.2). The mean number of painful procedures per neonate per day was 11.4 (SD 5.7), significantly lower than the number of 14.3 (SD 4.0) in 2001 (p < 0.001). The use of analgesics was 36.6% compared to 60.3% in 2001. Sixty-three percent of all peripheral arterial line insertions failed versus 37.5% in 2001 and 9.1% venipunctures failed versus 21% in 2001. Conclusions: The mean number of painful procedures per NICU patient per day declined. Nonpharmacological pain- or stress-reducing strategies like NIDCAP and sucrose were fully embedded in our pain management. As further reduction of the number of painful procedures is unlikely, we should apply more nonpharmacological interventions and explore newer pharmacological agents.

What do we really know about newborn infant pain?

“…Epidemiological studies report that infants in the neonatal intensive care unit are subjected to an average of 11 painful procedures a day, not including the high numbers of failed attempts (up to 15; Carbajal et al 2008;Roofthooft et al 2014). These clinically required procedures can be incorporated into ethically approved investigative studies of CNS pain activity.…”

Prematurity, Opioid Exposure and Neonatal Pain: Do They Affect the Developing Brain?

“…Moreover, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), they undergo many potentially painful procedures - estimated at 11 daily [2]. This may cause pain-related stress and alterations in the intracranial blood volume and blood pressure, with the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia [3].…”

Non-pharmacological management of neonatal pain: Research and clinical practice in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

“…The assessment of pain should be performed to support clinical decisions regarding appropriate pain relief management and to attenuate the potential negative impact on the early and later development of the child (Hall & Anand, 2014;Roofthooft, Simons, Anand, & van Dijik, 2014). Pain management and comfort interventions increase the homeostasis and stability of preterm infants and help immature newborns cope with pain-related stress events in the NICU Johnston et al, 2014).…”