Eight simple actions that individuals can take to save insects from global declines

Kawahara, Akito Y.; Reeves, Lawrence E.; Barber, Jesse R.; Black, Scott

doi:10.1073/pnas.2002547117

Cited by 56 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Particularly, we focused on: 1) the benefits of applying sustainable urban design and ecological restoration and rehabilitation, 2) the advantages of using technology for monitoring and education, and 3) the role of governments and other stakeholders to explicitly address conservation actions. In addition, individual decisions that urban dwellers may easily adopt to benefit insect populations have been recently summarised by Kawahara et al (2021) and readers can refer there for details on this topic.…”

Section: Applying Theory To Practice: How To Contribute To Conserve Urban Insect Biodiversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanisation drivers and underlying mechanisms of terrestrial insect diversity loss in cities

Fenoglio

Calviño

González

et al. 2021

Ecological Entomology

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1. Urbanisation is one of the main land-use changes behind global insect collapse. Despite that previous studies have described the negative effects of urbanisation on insect communities, so far there is no synthesis that considers multiple urban drivers, their combined effects, and the role of species traits altogether.2. Here we developed an integrative framework of the underlying mechanisms behind terrestrial insect species loss in cities by exploring five leading drivers: impervious surfaces, habitat fragmentation, urban heat island, pollution, and exotic plants. For each driver, we identified the main direct and indirect (mediated through species interactions or changes in resources) effects on insect populations and communities, emphasising the role of species traits as moderators of such effects.3. Body size, mobility, and oviposition/nesting requirements were the traits that frequently defined insect vulnerability to urban drivers. Urban heat island and pollution deserve further research from a community-level approach. Direct effects of drivers dominated the literature, while most indirect paths were mediated by changes in resources rather than species interactions.4. In conclusion, our review showed the challenges of recognising particular effects and mechanisms for each urban driver and their combined effects. By doing so, we intended to encourage researchers to address some of the gaps we noticed in order to fully understand how urbanisation is affecting insect communities. Finally, we outlined the main recent urban planning strategies and future challenges in order to successfully conserve urban insect biodiversity.

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Section: Applying Theory To Practice: How To Contribute To Conserve Urban Insect Biodiversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanisation drivers and underlying mechanisms of terrestrial insect diversity loss in cities

Fenoglio

Calviño

González

et al. 2021

Ecological Entomology

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“…Given that these wasps parasitize endemic leaf-mining moths that rely on many rare host plants, the impact of plant loss can have a negative multi-trophic cascading effect on the native Hawaiian ecosystem. There is a clear need to continue exploring the natural history of Hawaiian archipelago while taking urgent measures at the sate and individual level (Forister et al 2019;Kawahara et al 2021) to conserve endemic plants, animals and their native habitats. 5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species

Kobayashi

Johns

Kawahara

2021

Zootaxa

Self Cite

838

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Philodoria Walsingham, 1907 is a threatened, Hawaiian endemic genus of leaf-mining gracillariid moths that feeds as larvae on many threatened and endangered Hawaiian endemic plants. These moths are poorly studied and species lack detailed descriptions of morphology, distribution data, and natural history information of adults and immatures. Based on extensive fieldwork from 2013 to 2016, and examination of museum specimens, we describe or redescribe 51 species, 13 which are new species and provide biological and distribution data for 41 species. The 13 new species and their host plants are: P. alakaiensis Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Dubautia sp.), P. funkae Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Wilkesia gymnoxiphium), P. haelaauensis Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Urticaceae: Pipturus albidus, P. rockii, Pipturus sp.), P. hesperomanniella Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arborescens and H. swezeyi), P. keaensis Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (host unknown), P. keahii Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Remya mauiensis), P. knudseniiella Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Dubautia knudsenii subsp. nagate and D. latifolia), P. lama Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Ebanaceae: Diospyros sandwicensis and/or D. hillebrandii), P. limahuliensis Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Malvaceae: Hibiscus waimeae subsp. hannerae), P. napaliensis Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Ebanaceae: Diospyros sandwicensis and/or D. hillebrandii), P. obamaorum Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Urticaceae: Pipturus albidus, Pipturus sp.), P. opuhe Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Urticaceae: Urera kaalae and U. sandvicensis) and P. platyphylliella Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Dubautia platyphylla). Types of 30 species were examined, lectotypes of 16 species are designated, and a key to all Philodoria species and all Hawaiian leaf-mining moths are provided. We also present a new Hawaiian name for Philodoria, which we call Hunelele ʻelilau, meaning “tiny flier, leaf excavator”, referring to their life history and behavior. Philodoria feeds on five herbraceous and woody host plant families, and 41 species persist in localized populations in Hawaii as of 2016. Twelve species (P. alakaiensis, P. funkae, P. haelaauensis, P. hespermanniella, P. kauaulaensis, P. keaensis, P. keahii, P. knudsniiella, P. limahuliensis, P. platyphylliella, P. sciallactis, P. wilkesiella) appear to be severely threatened, as these species are rare or feed exclusively on plants that are endangered or rare. We were unable to document 10 species (P. costalis, P. lipochaetaella, P. micropetala, P. nigrella, P. nigrelloides, P. opuhe, P. pipturiana, P. pipturicola, P. pittosporella, P. spilota) after many efforts to sample in or near their historical habitats. We believe these species may be extinct. Given their restricted distribution and the fact that many species feed on rare and endangered plants, there is a risk that many more Philodoria species may go extinct unless immediate conservation measures are taken.

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“…Insects are the most diverse group of animals and are ubiquitous across terrestrial ecosystems, playing key ecological roles [ 46 , 47 ]. However, they are rapidly declining worldwide [ 48 ] and urbanization is one of the major drivers [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban warming and artificial light alter dormancy in the flesh fly

2021

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Seasonal changes in temperature and day length are distinct between rural and urban areas due to urban warming and the presence of artificial light at night. Many studies have focused on the impacts of these ubiquitous signatures on daily biological events, but empirical studies on their impacts on insect seasonality are limited. In the present study, we used the flesh fly Sarcophaga similis as a model insect to determine the impacts of urbanization on the incidence and timing of diapause (dormancy), not only in the laboratory but also in rural and urban conditions. In the laboratory, diapause entry was affected by night-time light levels as low as 0.01 lux. We placed fly cages on outdoor shelves in urban and rural areas to determine the timing of diapause entry; it was retarded by approximately four weeks in urban areas relative to that in rural areas. Moreover, almost all flies in the site facing an urban residential area failed to enter diapause, even by late autumn. Although an autumnal low temperature in the urban area would mitigate the negative effect of artificial light at night, strong light pollution seriously disrupts the flesh fly seasonal adaptation.

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Eight simple actions that individuals can take to save insects from global declines

Cited by 56 publications

References 39 publications

Urbanisation drivers and underlying mechanisms of terrestrial insect diversity loss in cities

Urbanisation drivers and underlying mechanisms of terrestrial insect diversity loss in cities

Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species

Urban warming and artificial light alter dormancy in the flesh fly

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