Eight sessions of endurance training decrease fasting glucose and improve glucose tolerance in middle-aged overweight males

Jelstad, Stian; Valsdottir, Thorhildur Ditta; Johansen, Egil Ivar; Jensen, Jørgen

doi:10.1080/13813455.2018.1563189

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…In exercise interventions, standardized work is normally performed at a specific workload or intensity for a given duration. For instance, in a study performed by our research group, aerobic training sessions involving ∼40 min of cycling at high intensity (75% VO 2max ) resulted in an energy expenditure of 600 kcal for untrained, lean, middle-aged males (Jelstad et al, 2019). Three weekly sessions each with a 600 kcal expenditure (a total of 1,800 kcal per week) correspond to the energy in 234 g of fat and 12 weeks of training intervention with such energy expenditure corresponds to the energy in 2.8 kg of fat.…”

Section: Exercise and Metabolic Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Members of our group often examine well-trained, lean young males with a VO 2max of 50-75 mL/(kg•min −1 ) (Rustad et al, 2016;Sollie et al, 2018); in contrast, the VO 2max for untrained middle-aged males is approximately 45 mL/(kg•min −1 ) (Langleite et al, 2016;Jelstad et al, 2019). Obese people have reduced cardiorespiratory fitness and their VO 2max may be reduced to 20 mL/(kg•min −1 ) or less (Christ-Roberts et al, 2004;Vind et al, 2011); however, this is not necessarily solely due to low cardiorespiratory fitness but may also result from an increase in body weight.…”

Section: Energy Expenditure During Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of exercise training on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity has been extensively researched (Sandvei et al, 2012;Langleite et al, 2016;Jelstad et al, 2019). The improved insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle in response to exercise training can be in part explained by the upregulation of proteins involved in glucose metabolism and the insulin signaling pathway, including the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), hexokinase II, AKT2, glycogen synthase, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as well as mitochondrial proteins (Wojtaszewski and Richter, 2006;Vind et al, 2011;Sylow et al, 2017).…”

Section: Exercise and Metabolic Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution

et al. 2021

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In obesity, excessive abdominal fat, especially the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), increases the risk of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Excessive abdominal fat is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, leading to systemic low-grade inflammation, fat overflow, ectopic lipid deposition, and reduced insulin sensitivity. Physical activity is recommended for primary prevention and treatment of obesity, T2DM, and related disorders. Achieving a stable reduction in body weight with exercise training alone has not shown promising effects on a population level. Because fat has a high energy content, a large amount of exercise training is required to achieve weight loss. However, even when there is no weight loss, exercise training is an effective method of improving body composition (increased muscle mass and reduced fat) as well as increasing insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Compared with traditional low-to-moderate-intensity continuous endurance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) are more time-efficient as exercise regimens and produce comparable results in reducing total fat mass, as well as improving cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity. During high-intensity exercise, carbohydrates are the main source of energy, whereas, with low-intensity exercise, fat becomes the predominant energy source. These observations imply that HIIT and SIT can reduce fat mass during bouts of exercise despite being associated with lower levels of fat oxidation. In this review, we explore the effects of different types of exercise training on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during physical activity, and discuss the potential effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function and body fat distribution.

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Section: Exercise and Metabolic Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy Expenditure During Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exercise and Metabolic Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution

et al. 2021

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“…Exercise has profound effects on metabolism and previous research has shown that an acute bout of endurance exercise results in a transient increase in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance (Mikines et al, 1988;Annuzzi et al, 1991;Brestoff et al, 2009;Jensen et al, 2011;Cartee, 2015b;Ortega et al, 2015;Jelstad et al, 2019). Exercise prior to lipid infusion alleviates insulin resistance (Schenk and Horowitz, 2007;Pehmoller et al, 2012;Phielix et al, 2012), but less is known about the effects of exercise on glucose tolerance during an LCHF diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet and a Single Bout of Exercise on Glucose Tolerance, Lipid Profile and Endothelial Function in Normal Weight Young Healthy Females

Valsdottir

Henriksen

Odden³

et al. 2019

Front. Physiol.

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Low-carbohydrate-high-fat (LCHF) diets are efficient for weight loss, and are also used by healthy people to maintain bodyweight. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-week energy-balanced LCHF-diet, with >75 percentage energy (E%) from fat, on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in normal weight, young, healthy women. The second aim of the study was to investigate if a bout of exercise would prevent any negative effect of LCHF-diet on glucose tolerance. Seventeen females participated, age 23.5 ± 0.5 years; body mass index 21.0 ± 0.4 kg/m 2 , with a mean dietary intake of 78 ± 1 E% fat, 19 ± 1 E% protein and 3 ± 0 E% carbohydrates. Measurements were performed at baseline and post-intervention. Fasting glucose decreased from 4.7 ± 0.1 to 4.4 mmol/L (p < 0.001) during the dietary intervention whereas fasting insulin was unaffected. Glucose area under the curve (AUC) and insulin AUC did not change during an OGTT after the intervention. Before the intervention, a bout of aerobic exercise reduced fasting glucose (4.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and glucose AUC (739 ± 41 to 661 ± 25, p = 0.008) during OGTT the following morning. After the intervention, exercise did not reduce fasting glucose the following morning, and glucose AUC during an OGTT increased compared to the day before (789 ± 43 to 889 ± 40 mmol/L•120min −1 , p = 0.001). AUC for insulin was unaffected. The dietary intervention increased total cholesterol (p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (p ≤ 0.001), high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.011), triglycerides (p = 0.035), and free fatty acids (p = 0.021). In conclusion, 3-week LCHF-diet reduced fasting glucose, while glucose tolerance was unaffected. A bout of exercise post-intervention did not decrease AUC glucose as it did at baseline. Total cholesterol increased, mainly due to increments in low-density lipoprotein. LCHF-diets should be further evaluated and carefully considered for healthy individuals.

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“…Considering the lack of difference between-groups, we cannot conclude that inclusion of exercise in weight-loss programs will improve AUC insulin in this population. Previous studies with regular exercise for participants with overweight and obesity have shown improvements in AUC insulin (Jelstad et al, 2019;Bergman and Goodpaster, 2020). However, the positive effect of exercise on glucose disposal is essential, as the reduction of pancreatic secretion of insulin may be an important factor in preventing T2DM later on in life.…”

Section: Auc Insulinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of aerobic exercise and low-carbohydrate high-fat diet on glucose tolerance and android/gynoid fat in overweight/obese women: A randomized controlled trial

et al. 2023

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The study was designed to compare the effects of weight loss induced by a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet or a normal diet, with and without exercise, on glucose tolerance measured as area under the curve (AUC), and android (A) and gynoid (G) fat distribution. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov; NCT04100356. In total, 57 women classified as overweight or obese (age 40 ± 3.5 years, body mass index 31.1 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were randomly assigned and completed a 10-week intervention using a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet or a normal diet, with or without aerobic interval exercise. An equal deficit of 700 kcal/day was prescribed, either restricting the diet only, or moderately restricting diet and including three 50-min high-intensity bicycle sessions per week. There were thus four groups: normal diet (NORM); low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (LCHF); normal diet with exercise (NORM-EX); and low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet with exercise (LCHF-EX). Linear mixed models was used to assess differences between groups. With all groups pooled, the intervention resulted in a weight loss of 6.7 ± 2.5% (p < 0.001). The intervention did not result in differences between groups in AUC glucose, nor in fasting glucose or indicis for insulin resistance such as Homeostatic Model Assessment, Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index, insulinogenic index and disposition index. Post-intervention android fat was lower in LCHF than NORM (3,223 ± 727 vs. 2,533 ± 535 g, p = 0.041). LCHF reached a lower A/G ratio than NORM (0.94 ± 0.12 vs. 1.04 ± 0.09, p = 0.011) and LCHF-EX (0.94 ± 0.12 vs. 1.09 ± 0.09, p < 0.001) after the intervention. LCHF resulted in lower android fat mass compared to NORM and the lowest A/G ratio compared to the other matched groups, but with no accompanying improvement in AUC glucose. In conclusion, although all groups achieved improvements in glucose tolerance, no superior effect was observed with the LCHF diet, neither with nor without exercise.

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Eight sessions of endurance training decrease fasting glucose and improve glucose tolerance in middle-aged overweight males

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution

Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution

Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet and a Single Bout of Exercise on Glucose Tolerance, Lipid Profile and Endothelial Function in Normal Weight Young Healthy Females

Effect of aerobic exercise and low-carbohydrate high-fat diet on glucose tolerance and android/gynoid fat in overweight/obese women: A randomized controlled trial

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