Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from highly concentrated n−3 fatty acid ethyl esters is incorporated into advanced atherosclerotic plaques and higher plaque EPA is associated with decreased plaque inflammation and increased stability

Improvement in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity is associated with a reduction in carotid intima-media thickness progression

“…7 Furthermore, studies from other groups have shown a positive association between high dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs and less carotid atherosclerotic plaque burden, 8 as well as a plaque-stabilizing effect on carotid atheroma and improved arterial elasticity with n-3 PUFA treatment. 9,10 The aims of this prespecified substudy of the WELCOME (Wessex Evaluation of fatty Liver and Cardiovascular markers in NAFLD with OMacor thErapy) trial 11 were: (i) to investigate the effects of high-dose n-3 PUFA treatment over 18 months on carotid IMT progression in NAFLD subjects and (ii) to describe associations between changes in markers of NAFLD disease severity (both in terms of simple steatosis and steatohepatitis) and carotid IMT progression over that time period.…”

Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Oscillatory Wall Shear Stress, Atherosclerosis, and Hypertension, Most Likely Mediated via an IL‐1–Mediated Mechanism

“…The Ω‐3 fatty acids, particularly DHA (a major type of n3FA in fish oil) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA; the most common land‐based type of n3FAs), have been shown to play an important role in preventive medicine 46, 47. A diet supplemented with n3FAs leads to increased incorporation of the n3FAs (ALA, DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid) in plasma lipoproteins48 associated with lower rates of plaque vulnerability 49, 50. In clinical studies, however, DHA has been mostly mixed with eicosapentaenoic acid or given as fish oil, and thus its individual effects remain obscured.…”

Formulation and Sensory Evaluation of Gluten-Free Muffins Containing Flax

“…This decrease in inflammation leads to more stable vessels that are less likely to rupture spontaneously. Histologically, the alpha-linolenic acid content was inversely related to the amount of T-cells present in the vessels (Cawood, et al, 2010).…”