Egyptian future physicians are packing to leave but may be willing to return

Fouad, Yousef A; Fahmy, Yara Mohamed; Hady, Sarah M. Abdel; Elsabagh, A. E.

doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihu072

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Nineteen articles satisfied the search criteria and gave specific answers to questionnaires asking for motives to emigrate from the country of training to higher-income countries. In these articles, basic food and shelter needs were mentioned twice, physical and financial security needs 12 times, a need for social belonging twice, a desire to improve educational or professional opportunities (self-esteem) 13 times, and self-actualization or “being all you can be” 15 times (Table 1) [27,31,36,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maslow’s fifth level, self-actualization or “being all you can be,” was the most commonly mentioned reason for emigrating in the questionnaires included in this review. Physicians mentioned the need to improve “research opportunities” and “career opportunities” and to “excel professionally” (Table 1) [31,40,41,42,44,45,47,48,49,51,52,53,54,56,57]. One survey involving Croatian final-year medical students found that respondents were more inclined to emigrate for opportunities to excel professionally and acquire new experiences than for financial prosperity [42].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The need for social belonging was infrequently mentioned as a motivator for emigration and only in situations where relatives or other social supports were present in the destination country [11,44]. Physicians are motivated to remain with social supports, all else being equal, and social supports at home can, therefore, be an inhibitor for emigration [8,47,48]. After providing for basic safety and financial security, and if social supports exist at home, an LMIC can best motivate physicians to remain in their country of training by making their practice more financially secure and professionally satisfying.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our review found that non-monetary factors are important drivers of migration. Once their basic safety and financial security needs are met, physicians seek to satisfy their need for self-esteem and self-actualization through improved professional development, advancements, and opportunity to pursue research [47,49,59,66]. Especially in middle-income countries with stable geopolitical situations, the lack of training and professional opportunities are the main drivers of emigration [36,37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration?

Dohlman

DiMeglio

Hajj

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The migration of physicians from low-resource to high-resource settings is a prevalent global phenomenon that is insufficiently understood. Most low-income countries are severely understaffed with physicians, and the emigration of the already limited number of physicians to other countries can significantly reduce access to healthcare in the source country. Despite a growing interest in global capacity building in these countries by academic and non-governmental organizations in high-income countries, efforts to stem physician migration have been mostly unsuccessful. The authors reviewed the current literature for the motivational factors leading to physician migration in the context of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. Our study found that financial safety needs were major drivers of physician emigration. However, factors related to self-actualization such as the desire for professional development through training opportunities and research, were also major contributors. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of physician motivations to emigrate from low-resource countries. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation may provide a useful framework for future studies evaluating the concerns of physicians in low-income countries and as a guide to incentivize retention.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration?

Dohlman

DiMeglio

Hajj

et al. 2019

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At the time of the uprising, many of the students excited about research were predominantly motivated by their patriotic desire to exploit their research in their country's service. Nevertheless, there is a large number of research-active medical students who are using research as tool to facilitate their emigration from the country [8]. As a matter of fact, the use of research as an Bemigration tool^is a known trend in developing counties [3,9] and warrants further investigation by policy decision makers and social scientists.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Undergraduate Medical Student Research Activities: Personal Experience of a Developing Nation’s Uprise

Amgad

Shash

2015

J Canc Educ

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Revolutions are swift, while evolution is typically a slow, incremental process. One of the most notable things that happened after the Egyptian 2011 revolution was the explosive uprising of youth. Regardless of the political turn of events, which is surely not the subject of this piece, it was becoming increasingly clear that something beyond politics was radically changing the academic landscape, particularly among university students. What started as a "revolutionary" interest in science and research quickly transformed into a continuously changing "evolutionary" process. As a finalyear medical student who spent half of his medical school before the revolution, and half of it after the political turmoil, I was lucky to be one of the earliest Bexperiments^demonstrat-ing the value of strong mentorship on developing an early aptitude for research. One year before the revolution, an oncology summer rotation was developed at the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Cairo University), designed to test the applicability of incorporating oncology rotations into the core medical curriculum in medical schools in developing countries [1]. I joined the course in its second year; the year of the revolution. The course instructor-who later became my long-term research mentor and is co-authoring this opinion piece-integrated an academic writing component into the rotation, as a way to stay in par with the thenbudding interest in research among the revolution youngsters. The result was a published literature review article that he and I co-authored on the very same topic that the oncology summer school addressed: oncology education for medical students in developing countries [2].I cannot overstate the importance of early research exposure and continuing mentorship on developing my character and research understanding. Three years after my initial research exposure, I now have seven published papers in international peer-reviewed journals (six of which are in PubMedindexed journals), one local and two international conference abstracts and one co-authored book chapter on cancer epidemiology. I appear as the first author on three of the published papers, and as the second author on the other four. But what is it that caused such a paradigm shift? Was it the early sense of achievement? Was I simply lucky to have gained a head start? Perhaps luck had a role, but according to our latest metaanalysis on medical student research, about one in three research projects undertaken by medical students gets published in international peer-reviewed journals [3]. Clearly, I am no special case; I am simply a case study demonstrating the untapped potential of medical student involvement in research. Project after project, I saw my research competence rise and my research confidence grow. I became more systematic in my approach to the literature, understood the importance of good planning and note-taking, became more accustomed to mining for literature Bgaps^, and gained much proficiency in academic writing.Beside its impact on my scientific produ...

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The factors that are associated with nurse immigration in lower‐ and middle‐income countries: An integrative review

Konlan,

Lee,

Damiran

2023

Nursing Open

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AimThis study aims to synthesize the factors associated with nurse emigration from lower and middle‐income countries.DesignIntegrative review.MethodsAn in‐depth search of registries and five databases yielded 9466 records. Using the PRISMA guidelines, 11 were chosen after screening by two authors independently. The mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) was used to assess the risk of bias.ResultsThe destination countries were Europe and North America, with an inclination for nurse migration of 14.3%–85%. Emigration factors were poor salary, working conditions, poor quality healthcare infrastructure; outdated healthcare technologies, lack of employment opportunities, younger age, relationship status (single), living environment, social pressure, urban residence, work experience, insecurity, high crime rates, political corruption and foreign language skills.Public ContributionHealthcare authorities and nursing leaders must implement practical measures to minimize nurse emigration.

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Egyptian future physicians are packing to leave but may be willing to return

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration?

Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration?

The Evolution of Undergraduate Medical Student Research Activities: Personal Experience of a Developing Nation’s Uprise

The factors that are associated with nurse immigration in lower‐ and middle‐income countries: An integrative review

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