Eggshell reinforced biocomposite—An advanced “green” alternative structural material

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The need for bio-based polymers as substitutes to recalcitrant petroleum sourced plastics is ever growing, because of increase in demand globally. Eggshell nanopowder (ENP) prepared using mechanical attrition and ultrasound irradiation was used to infuse a bio-based polymer [Super Sap 100/1000 epoxy (SSE)] for possible enhancement of its mechanical properties. The ENP, neat SSE and SSE/ENP composites were characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetic Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) and flexure analysis. TEM and EDS analysis showed evidence of ENP in the SSE matrix whiles DMA and TMA analysis revealed significant improvements (7-22%) in the storage moduli and (3-17%) in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) respectively. Also, major delay in 5% decomposition temperatures and increases in char yields were observed in TGA analysis. The flexure strength, modulus, and toughness significantly improved by 6-31%, 11-37%, and 10-36%, respectively. Microstructure of fractured surfaces showed deflected crack paths which contributed to improve toughness. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43124.

Mechanical and wear behaviour of pulverised poultry eggshell/sisal fiber hybrid reinforced epoxy composites

“…The diffraction peaks suggested a crystalline phase showing the main material of ES to be calcium carbonate phase in the form of calcite (CaCO 3 ). The major XRD intensity peak is found at 2θ angle of 29.4°and the minor peaks occur at 23.2°, 31.5°, 36.1°, 39.6°, 43.3°, 47.7°, and 48.7°for both ES and LS as also reported in the literature (Rahman et al 2014, Tiimob et al 2016, Owuamanam 2019. The XRD of calcined and uncalcined eggshell particles are shown in figure 1.…”

Composite Superabsorbent Hydrogel of Acrylic Copolymer and Eggshell: Effect of Biofiller Addition

“…The most intense peak at a 2θ value of 29.5 o corresponds to the {104} plane of calcite. 15 The two powder diffraction patterns show good agreement. The chemical composition of the eggshell obtained by XRF showed a large amount of calcium (99.09 ± 0.29%) followed by very low amounts of phosphorous (0.26 ± 0.04%), probably present as calcium phosphate and sulfur (0.28 ± 0.04%) associated with sulfated polysaccharides.…”

“…It has been proposed as an advanced and green alternative for a structural material in biocomposites based on epoxy formulations. 15 In a previous study, eggshell-derived nano-and microscale hydroxyapatite bioceramic bone grafts were synthesized. 16 ES has also been tested as a heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from used cooking oil.…”

Bio‐inspired “green” nanocomposite using hydroxyapatite synthesized from eggshell waste and soy protein

“…Incorporation of just 3 wt % β ‐CaSiO 3 nanoparticles in the resin systems improved the flexural modulus (∼33%) and flexural strength (∼36%) significantly. In another study, the flexural strength, modulus, and toughness of bio‐based epoxy resin system (Super sap ® 100/1000) were significantly improved by 6–31, 11–37, and 10–36%, respectively, due to different amount of CaCO 3 nanoparticles loading (1–10 wt %) . However, these resins were not fully green.…”

“…In another study, the flexural strength, modulus, and toughness of bio-based epoxy resin system (Super sap V R 100/1000) were significantly improved by 6-31, 11-37, and 10-36%, respectively, due to different amount of CaCO 3 nanoparticles loading (1-10 wt %). 23 However, these resins were not fully green.…”