Egg size, fertility, hatchability, and chick survivability in captive California condors (<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>)

Harvey, Nancy C.; Dankovchik, Jenine D.; Kuehler, Cynthia M.; Levites, Tom; Kasielke, Susie; Kiff, Lloyd F.; Wallace, Michael P.; Mace, Michael

doi:10.1002/zoo.20015

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Double clutching involved pulling the first egg of the season to induce the breeding pair to lay another egg. Typically, the first chick, and sometimes the second chick as well, were incubated and raised with condor-like puppets instead of by the natural parents [Toone and Wallace, 1994;Harvey et al, 2004;Snyder, 2005;Nielsen, 2006]. Meretsky et al [2000] argued that the success of captive-reared California condors was directly related to whether or not the chick was puppet-reared or parent-reared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…At this time, all remaining wild condors were brought into captivity for an extensive captive-breeding program [Stoms et al, 1993;Snyder and Snyder, 2000;Alagona, 2004]. Breeding facilities used a strategy called ''double clutching'' to produce as many California condors in captivity as possible [Snyder and Hamber, 1985;Harvey et al, 2003Harvey et al, , 2004Nielsen, 2006;]. Double clutching involved pulling the first egg of the season to induce the breeding pair to lay another egg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of rearing method on social behaviors of mentored, captive‐reared juvenile California condors

et al. 2007

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Puppet-reared and parent-reared captive-bred California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) juveniles were studied before their release into the wild. Behavioral data were collected during social interactions within two cohorts of juveniles (N = 11) and their adult mentors (N = 5). The purposes of this study were to (1) document the social behaviors of mentored juvenile California condors, and (2) compare social behaviors for two different rearing methods (puppet-reared versus parent-reared) during two phases of the mentoring process (San Diego Wild Animal Park versus release sites). Of the 17 behaviors examined by 2 x 2 analyses of variance (ANOVAs), two significant interactions between the rearing method and mentoring phase were found: pulls feathers and feeds alone. For both behaviors, parent-reared condors engaged in these activities more often at the zoo and less often at the release pens than did the puppet-reared condors. The main effect of rearing was also significant for two behaviors: near others, and receives contact aggression from other. Parent-reared birds were more likely to be near another bird and receive contact aggression, regardless of mentoring phase, than puppet-reared birds. The effect size for 16 of the 17 behaviors was greater for the rearing method than for mentoring phase. Rearing method differences may persist long-term, as parent-reared adult mentors were significantly more aggressive than puppet-reared adult mentors. Dominance relations were examined for both cohorts, with the first cohort exhibiting a strong linear relationship (h' = 0.86, P = 0.018), whereas the second cohort exhibited a moderate but non-significant linear hierarchy (h' = 0.63, P = 0.21). The rearing method had no effect on dominance among the juveniles, but adults were probably dominant to juveniles (P = 0.052; the difference was nearly significant). Although social behaviors between the two rearing groups were similar in most respects, this study is the first to document measurable differences between puppet- and parent-reared captive-bred California condor juveniles. Zoo Biol 27:1-18, 2008. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of rearing method on social behaviors of mentored, captive‐reared juvenile California condors

et al. 2007

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“…Among primates, most descriptions of responses to death give accounts of interactions of mothers and other group members with dead infants (Warren & Williamson, 2004; Biro et al, 2010; Cronin et al, 2011; Fashing et al, 2011). One of the most widespread and frequently described behaviors is mothers carrying and grooming their dead infant for prolonged periods, ranging from a few hours to >48 days (Warren & Williamson, 2004; Biro et al, 2010; Fashing et al, 2011; Cronin et al, 2011; Watson & Matsuzawa, 2018). Cold or dry climates can slow the process of decomposition and likely contribute to longer bouts of carrying (Fashing et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These observations are especially interesting given that exposure to putrescine, a pungent chemical compound emitted from decaying tissues, causes necrophobic behavior in humans (Wisman & Shrira, 2015) and other animals (Prounis & Shields, 2013). Infant corpses also elicit allomaternal-like behavior, such as carrying and grooming the corpse by group members other than the infant’s mother (Warren & Williamson, 2004; Fashing et al, 2011; Watson & Matsuzawa, 2018). There is some suggestion that mothers of dead infants are aware of the difference with live infants, as they carry the corpse or behave in atypical ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral responses around conspecific corpses in adult eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei spp.)

Porter

Eckardt

Vecellio

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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Humans were once considered unique in having a concept of death but a growing number of observations of animal responses to dying and dead conspecifics suggests otherwise. Complex arrays of behaviors have been described ranging from corpse removal and burial among social insects to quiet attendance and caregiving among elephants and primates. Less frequently described, however, are behavioral responses of individuals from different age/sex classes or social position toward the death of conspecifics. We describe behavioral responses of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) to the deaths of a dominant silverback and a dominant adult female from the same social group in Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda and the responses of Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla b. graueri) to the corpse of an extra-group silverback in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. In gorillas, interactions between groups or with a lone silverback often result in avoidance or aggression. We predicted that: (i) more individuals should interact with the corpses of same-group members than with the corpse of the extra-group silverback; (ii) adult females with infants should avoid the corpse of the extra-group silverback; and (iii) in the mountain gorilla cases, individuals that shared close social relationships with the dead individual should spend more time with the corpse than other individuals in the group. We used a combination of detailed qualitative reports, photos, and videos to describe all occurrences of affiliative/investigative and agonistic behaviors observed at the corpses. We observed similar responses toward the corpses of group and extra-group individuals. Animals in all three cases showed a variety of affiliative/investigative and agonistic behaviors directed to the corpses. Animals of all age/sex classes interacted with the corpses in affiliative/investigative ways but there was a notable absence of all adult females at the corpse of the extra-group silverback. In all three cases, we observed only silverbacks and blackbacks being agonistic around and/or toward the corpses. In the mountain gorilla cases, the individuals who spent the most time with the corpses were animals who shared close social relationships with the deceased. We emphasize the similarity in the behavioral responses around the corpses of group and extra-group individuals, and suggest that the behavioral responses were influenced in part by close social relationships between the deceased and certain group members and by a general curiosity about death. We further discuss the implications close interactions with corpses have for disease transmission within and between gorilla social groups.

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“…Analyses of breeding records from captive populations, both in zoos [e.g., Roberts, 1982;Wolf et al, 2000] and breeding centers [e.g., Harvey et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2004] have become more common, owing in part to an increased effort to use scientific methods to manage captive populations for long-term demographic and genetic stability. A considerable body of literature based on analyses of studbooks and colony records has been amassed for primate species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life span, reproductive output, and reproductive opportunity in captive Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii)

Nuss

Warneke

2009

Zoo Biology

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In the absence of long-term field studies, demographic and reproductive records from animals housed in zoos and research laboratories are a valuable tool for the study of life history variables relating to reproduction. In this study, we analyzed studbook records of more than 2,000 individuals born over a 40-year period (1965-2004) to describe life history patterns of captive Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii) housed in North America and Europe. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods, we found the mean life span to be 5.5 years. The rate of infant mortality, defined as death before 30 days, was approximately 30%, with European animals being more likely to survive infancy than North American animals. When individuals surviving at least 1.5 years are considered, lifetime reproductive output averaged 3.5 offspring, yet more than one-third of individuals did not produce any offspring. Using a smaller dataset of individuals with known pairing histories, we developed a measure of opportunity for reproduction (OFR), which represented the total time an individual was known to be housed with a potential mate. For both sexes, we found that the correlation between OFR and number of offspring produced was much higher than the correlation between life span and number of offspring produced. This result highlights the importance of taking into account an individual's OFR. As a whole, our findings help characterize the life histories of captive Goeldi's monkeys and emphasize the impact management practices may have on reproductive success.

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Egg size, fertility, hatchability, and chick survivability in captive California condors (Gymnogyps californianus)

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

The effects of rearing method on social behaviors of mentored, captive‐reared juvenile California condors

The effects of rearing method on social behaviors of mentored, captive‐reared juvenile California condors

Behavioral responses around conspecific corpses in adult eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei spp.)

Life span, reproductive output, and reproductive opportunity in captive Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii)

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