Egg:embryo weight ratio as an indicator of dwarfism induced by infectious bronchitis virus

Raj, G. Dhinakar; Kumar, K. Suresh; Nainar, A. Mahalinga; Nachimuthu, K.

doi:10.1080/0307945042000205883

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Compared to KM91, K2p170 showed clearer signs of stunting. This demonstration that egg-adapted strains induce clearer embryo dwarfism than wild strains is in agreement with those of Dhinakar Raj et al (2004). However, the recombinant nephrogenic strain K40/09 and its attenuated counterpart K40/09HP40, which was egg-passaged with heat adaptation, showed opposite results.…”

Section: Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Titrationsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Comparison between dot-immunoblotting assay and clinical sign determination method for quantifying avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine by titration in embryonated eggs

Yuk

Kwon

Noh

et al. 2016

Journal of Virological Methods

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A sensitive and specific method for measuring the vaccine titer of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is important to commercial manufacturers for improving vaccine quality. Typically, IBV is titrated in embryonated chicken eggs, and the infectivity of the virus dilutions is determined by assessing clinical signs in the embryos as evidence of viral propagation. In this study, we used a dot-immunoblotting assay (DIA) to measure the titers of IBV vaccines that originated from different pathogenic strains or attenuation methods in embryonated eggs, and we compared this assay to the currently used method, clinical sign evaluation. To compare the two methods, we used real-time reverse transcription-PCR, which had the lowest limit of detection for propagated IBV. As a clinical sign of infection, dwarfism of the embryo was quantified using the embryo: egg (EE) index. The DIA showed 9.41% higher sensitivity and 15.5% higher specificity than the clinical sign determination method. The DIA was particularly useful for measuring the titer of IBV vaccine that did not cause apparent stunting but propagated in embryonated chicken eggs such as a heat-adapted vaccine strain. The results of this study indicate that the DIA is a rapid, sensitive, reliable method for determining IBV vaccine titer in embryonated eggs at a relatively low cost.

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Section: Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Titrationsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The average EE ratio and the standard deviation of the mock control were calculated. The EE index was determined by dividing the EE ratio of inoculated eggs by the mean EE ratio of mock-inoculated eggs (Dhinakar Raj et al, 2004).…”

Section: Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Titrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between dot-immunoblotting assay and clinical sign determination method for quantifying avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine by titration in embryonated eggs

Yuk

Kwon

Noh

et al. 2016

Journal of Virological Methods

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“…The developing chicken embryo is indeed a valid and sensitive developmental research tool when used in a well-controlled experimental environment (Vorster and Lizamore, 2001). A previous study indicated that the EE ratio is an objective method for the quantification of embryo dwarfism in IBV-inoculated embryonated chicken eggs and can be used to accurately determine the endpoints of virus titration and neutralization assays (Dhinakar Raj, et al, 2004). In the studies of Wideman and Cowen (Wideman and Cowen, 1987), Graystrain IBV decreases the relative kidney weight ratio.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between liver-kidney impairment and viral load after nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus infection in embryonic chickens

et al. 2017

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To examine the relationship of impairments of the liver and kidney with viral load after nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) infection in embryonic chickens, 120 specific-pathogen-free Leghorn embryonated chicken eggs were randomly divided into two groups (infected and control), with three replicates per group and 20 eggs in each replicate. The eggs in the infected and control groups were challenged with 0.2 mL of 105.5 ELD50 NIBV and sterile saline solution, respectively. The embryonic chickens' plasma and liver and kidney tissues were collected at 1, 3, and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi), the liver and kidney functional parameters were quantified, and the tissue viral loads were determined with real-time PCR. The results showed that plasma potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus levels were increased. The infected group exhibited significantly higher plasma uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels than the control group at 3 dpi. The plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly increased in the infected group. The total protein, albumin, and globulin levels in the infected group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The liver-kidney viral load in the infected group peaked at 3 dpi, at which time the kidney viral load was significantly higher than that of the liver. Our results indicated that NIBV infection caused liver and kidney damage in the embryonic chickens, and the results also demonstrated that the liver and kidney damage was strongly related to the tissue viral load following NIBV infection in embryonic chickens.

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“…Sham PBS-inoculated eggs were also included in this experiment. Allantoic fluid and embryo processing was performed at 5 dpi as previously described [12]. These experiments were independently repeated three times.…”

Section: Pathogenicity Index Of the Circulating Ibv Strains In Esamentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses of virulent infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from chickens in Eastern Saudi Arabia

et al. 2017

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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the major respiratory viral threats for chickens. Despite the intensive application of IBV vaccines, several outbreaks have been reported worldwide. Here, we report several IBV outbreaks in thirteen poultry farms in Eastern Saudi Arabia (ESA) from 2013 to 2014. The main goals of the current study were as follows: (1) isolation and molecular characterization of the currently circulating strains in ESA (Al-Hasa, Dammam, and Buqayq) and (2) evaluation of the immune status of these birds to IBV. To achieve our goals, tissue specimens (trachea, lungs, liver, kidney and cecal tonsils) and sera were collected. High morbidity up to 100% and mortality ranging from 18 to 90% were reported. Severe infection was observed in the trachea, bronchi, and kidneys of the infected birds. IBV strains were isolated using embryonated chicken eggs. The isolated viruses induced hemorrhage, dwarfing and death of the inoculated embryos 3-5 days post-infection. The circulating IBV strains were identified by sequencing the partial IBV-N and IBV-S1 genes. These viruses showed 95% sequence identity to Indian, Italian, Egyptian and Chinese strains and were quite distinct from the locally used vaccines on the genomic level. Interestingly, high antibody titers against IBV were reported in some of these farms, suggesting the presence of new virulent strains in ESA. The seroconversion of infected birds was reported among the affected flocks. In conclusion, very virulent IBV strains are currently circulating in ESA. Further studies are currently in progress to molecularly characterize these IBV strains.

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Egg:embryo weight ratio as an indicator of dwarfism induced by infectious bronchitis virus

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Comparison between dot-immunoblotting assay and clinical sign determination method for quantifying avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine by titration in embryonated eggs

Comparison between dot-immunoblotting assay and clinical sign determination method for quantifying avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine by titration in embryonated eggs

The relationship between liver-kidney impairment and viral load after nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus infection in embryonic chickens

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses of virulent infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from chickens in Eastern Saudi Arabia

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