Egg and early larval development of laboratory reared goldblotch grouper, <i>Epinephelus costae</i> (Steindachner, 1878) (Pisces, Serranidae)

Abstract

SUMMARY: The embryonic and early larval development of the laboratory-reared goldblotch grouper, Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878), are described and illustrated. The eggs, with a mean diameter of 926±19 µm and a range from 890-950 µm, were spherical and transparent with transparent chorion. Embryonic development lasted 24 hours at 25.5°C. Newlyhatched larvae were 1.762±0.047 mm in length. Absorption of the yolk sac was complete after the third day, when larvae reached 2.95±0.231 mm in total length. The mouth opened 60 hours after hatching, and was in function after 80 hours, with an opening diameter ranging from 280-320 µm. Larvae had two fields of intensive pigmentation, one above the intestine, and the other between the anus and the end of the notochord.

Study on the early larval development and growth of the red porgy, <i>Pagrus pagrus</i> with emphasis on the mass mortalities observed during this phase

“…Red porgy larvae are longer than the larvae of some other potential candidates of the Mediterranean aquaculture: i.e. Epinephelus marginatus (1.52 mm; Glamuzina et al, 1998), Epinephelus costae (1.76 mm; Glamuzina et al, 2000), Lithognathus mormyrus (1.7 mm; Divanach and Kentouri, 1983), Puntazzo puntazzo (1.69 mm; Faranda et al, 1985), Dentex dentex (2.17 mm; Glamuzina et al, 1989) and Diplodus vulgaris (2.63 mm; JugDujakovic and Glamuzina, 1988), and therefore easier to culture during early larval stages.…”

Rearing larvae of dusky grouper, <i>Epinephelus marginatus</i> (Lowe, 1834), (Pisces: Serranidae) in a semi-extensive mesocosm

“…however, at the beginning of metamorphosis (≈25 dPh) the daily food requirement is high and, even considering only the larger zooplankters in the mesocosms and Artemia, the minimum number of prey per larvae is very high at 513 individuals. disCussion dusky grouper larvae are characterized by a small mouth gape and body size and poor reserves of endogenous nutrition (glamuzina et al 1998;spedicato and Boglione, 2000;gracia lópez and Castelló-orvay, 2003). the results of this study show that larvae of dusky grouper can be successfully reared in mesocosms, using the natural bloom method with addition of rotifers and Artemia in later development stages.…”

“…due to its high market value and the need for seedling production for restocking programs and aquaculture, research into E. marginatus started in the mid 1990s (spedicato et al, 1995;glamuzina et al, 1998;Marino et al, 1998;la Mesa et al, 2008) with studies on breeding, artificial spawning and rearing of early stages. since then considerable progress has been made on induced reproduction (Marino et al, 2001;Cabrita et al, 2009), but larval rearing is still difficult due to poor first feeding, which results in high mortality of larvae (spedicato et al, 1995; glamuzina et al, 1998).…”

“…obtaining dusky grouper juveniles produced in aquaculture for stock enhancement is still a major challenge since newly hatched grouper larvae have mouth gapes that are too small for traditional live feeds and they have limited yolk reserves (Kohno et al, 1997;doi et al, 1997;glamuzina et al, 1998;tucker, 1999;spedicato and Boglione, 2000;toledo et al, 2002). Consequently, successful larval rearing depends not only on the availability of a nutritionally adequate food supply (Watanabe and Kiron, 1994;rainuzzo et al, 1997;Planas and Cunha, 1999) but also on the size of the prey, which need to be smaller than rotifers (<100 µm) (doi et al, 1997; glamuzina et al, 1998).…”

Investigações morfológicas e metabólicas ao longo da ontogenia das larvas da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus (Teleostei: Serranidae)

“…Diversos trabalhos relatam o tamanho reduzido destes animais, bem como a fragilidade durante o manejo e cultivo dos animais do gênero Epinephelus (Glamuzina et al, 1998a;Jagadis et al, 2006;Leu et al, 2005;Soyano et al, 2008) (Jagadis et al, 2006), enquanto que para E. costae foi observada abertura com 60HAE e funcional com cerca de 80HAE (Glamuzina et al, 2000). Por fim, em E. malabaricus a abertura da boca foi observada com 72HAE, no entanto, o autor não indica o momento que os animais foram capazes de capturar presas.…”