EGF Treatment Improves Motor Behavior and Cortical GABAergic Function in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease

Systemic Candesartan Treatment Modulates Behavior, Synaptic Protein Levels, and Neuroinflammation in Female Mice That Express Human APOE4

“…Behavioral analysis was conducted in the mouse dark cycle, tracked in real time by a camera, and analyzed using Any-Maze software as described in Thomas et al (2016 , 2017) , Marottoli et al (2017 , 2019) .…”

“…A single mouse was placed in the center of a white acrylic container (l 432 mm × w 305 mm× h 300 mm) covered with bedding and allowed to freely explore for 7 min. Total distance traveled and percent distance traveled in perimeter of the container were calculated ( Thomas et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Marottoli et al, 2017 , 2019 ).…”

“…Mice were then returned to their home cage for 1 h, after which they were placed in the testing chamber for an additional 7 min with a familiar and a novel object. Total investigation time of both objects as well as the preference index (ratio of time spent with the novel object divided by the total investigation time of both objects) were calculated for both phases of the test ( Thomas et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Marottoli et al, 2017 , 2019 ). Mice that had a total investigation time of less than 20 s were excluded from analysis.…”

“…Hippocampal samples were weighed and extracted using a 2-step extraction protocol with modifications as described previously ( Youmans et al, 2012 ; Tai et al, 2013 , 2014a ; Thomas et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Marottoli et al, 2017 , 2019 ), in order to separate out soluble and detergent-soluble proteins. Briefly, samples were homogenized using a bead mill (Fisherbrand) at 6 m/s for 1 cycle of 30 s in ice cold TBS at 10 μl/mg of brain tissue, centrifuged (100,000 × g for 30 min), and aliquoted.…”

“…SDS buffer fractions were analyzed using western blot as described previously ( Thomas et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Marottoli et al, 2017 , 2019 ). Briefly, twenty micrograms of protein were separated on 4–12% Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen), transferred onto low-fluorescence PVDF membranes, blocked with 5% milk in TBS for 1 h at room temperature, washed with 0.1% Tween-20 in TBS (TBS-T), and probed with primary antibodies (see Supplementary Table 1 ) in 1% bovine serum albumin in TBS with 0.02% Sodium Azide overnight at 4°C.…”