Effusive atomic oven nozzle design using an aligned microcapillary array

Senaratne, Ruwan; Rajagopal, Shankari; Geiger, Zachary; Fujiwara, Kurt; Lebedev, Vyacheslav; Weld, David

doi:10.1063/1.4907401

Cited by 37 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The oven output is collimated by an array of 8 mm long stainless steel microtubes with 80 µm inner diameter and 180 µm outer diameter, following a design inspired by [46]. The atoms are then transversely cooled in two dimensions over a 90 mm long region using for each axis a "zig-zag" configuration with four passes and retro-reflection of the laser beam.…”

Section: Supplemental Materials Details Of the Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The path of atoms through the setup begins with a high-flux atomic beam source adapted from our previous design [43][44][45]. In brief, this source is composed of an oven similar to [46], followed by a transverse cooling stage and a Zeeman slower, both using laser cooling on the broad-linewidth blue transition. A 2D blue MOT [47][48][49], whose non-confining axis is oriented in the direction of gravity, is located approximately 5 cm after the exit of the Zeeman slower (see Figure 1a).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Steady-State Magneto-Optical Trap with 100-Fold Improved Phase-Space Density

et al. 2017

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We demonstrate a continuously loaded 88 Sr magneto-optical trap (MOT) with a steady-state phase-space density of 1.3(2) × 10 −3 . This is two orders of magnitude higher than reported in previous steady-state MOTs. Our approach is to flow atoms through a series of spatially separated laser cooling stages before capturing them in a MOT operated on the 7.4-kHz linewidth Sr intercombination line using a hybrid slower+MOT configuration. We also demonstrate producing a Bose-Einstein condensate at the MOT location, despite the presence of laser cooling light on resonance with the 30-MHz linewidth transition used to initially slow atoms in a separate chamber. Our steady-state high phase-space density MOT is an excellent starting point for a continuous atom laser and dead-time free atom interferometers or clocks.Laser cooled and trapped atoms are at the core of most ultracold quantum gas experiments [1], state-ofthe-art clocks [2] and sensors based on atom interferometry [3]. Today, these devices typically operate in a time-sequential manner, with distinct phases for sample preparation and measurement. For atomic clocks a consequence is the need to bridge the dead time between measurements using a secondary frequency reference, typically a resonator. This introduces a problem known as the Dick effect [4] in which the sampling process inherent to a clock's cyclic operation down converts or aliases high frequency noise from the secondary reference into the signal band, thus degrading performance [5]. Recently, a new generation of atomic clocks using degenerate atoms in a three-dimensional optical lattice has been demonstrated using Sr [6]. To reach the potential of such a clock, it will be necessary to overcome the Dick effect, which can be achieved by reducing the dead time and/or by creating vastly improved secondary references. Our steady-state MOT can lead to significant advances in both directions. It approaches the high flux and low temperature requirements needed for a steadystate clock, which would completely eliminate the Dick effect. Furthermore, our MOT is created under conditions compatible with the creation of degenerate samples or an atom laser [7,8]. This would be the ideal source for a secondary frequency reference based on superradiant lasing, which is expected to outperform current references [9][10][11][12][13]. Our source and a future atom laser based on it might also be valuable for atomic inertial sensors [8]. Improved clocks and inertial sensors will allow tests of fundamental physics [14] or be suitable for gravitational wave astronomy [3,[15][16][17].Over the years many creative approaches have honed laser cooling to produce pulsed samples of ever increasing phase-space density (PSD) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Pulsed MOTs using 88 Sr have demonstrated phase-space densities of 10 −2 [30] while atoms held in dipole traps recently reached degeneracy [7,31]. Despite the exquisite performances, these techniques suffer from extremely small capture velocities.As a consequence atoms ...

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Section: Supplemental Materials Details Of the Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Steady-State Magneto-Optical Trap with 100-Fold Improved Phase-Space Density

et al. 2017

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“…state at a temperature of 20nK, produced by evaporation in an optical dipole trap after loading a magneto-optical trap from a collimated atomic beam [27] and precooling with gray molasses [28,29] and RF evaporation. Atom-atom interactions are set to zero after evaporation by ramping an applied magnetic field to the s-wave scattering length zero-crossing of a Feshbach resonance, at approximately 543.6G [26].…”

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confidence: 99%

Experimental realization of a relativistic harmonic oscillator

et al. 2018

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We report the experimental study of a harmonic oscillator in the relativistic regime. The oscillator is composed of Bose-condensed lithium atoms in the third band of an optical lattice, which have an energy-momentum relation nearly identical to that of a massive relativistic particle, with an effective mass reduced below the bare value and a greatly reduced effective speed of light. Imaging the shape of oscillator trajectories at velocities up to 98% of the effective speed of light reveals a crossover from sinusoidal to nearly photon-like propagation. The existence of a maximum velocity causes the measured period of oscillations to increase with energy; our measurements reveal beyond-leadingorder contributions to this relativistic anharmonicity. We observe an intrinsic relativistic dephasing of oscillator ensembles, and a monopole oscillation with exactly the opposite phase of that predicted for non-relativistic harmonic motion. All observed dynamics are in quantitative agreement with longstanding but hitherto-untested relativistic predictions.

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“…The tubes are 1 cm in length with an inner (outer) diameter of 200 (300) µm. Unlike other microtube designs which require a retaining plug or bar [33], we found that press fitting the tubes held them sufficiently secure and well aligned. All gaskets within the Li oven are made from annealed nickel because copper cannot maintain a UHV seal as it is quickly corroded by the hot Li.…”

Section: A Effusive Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 84%

An adaptable dual species effusive source and Zeeman slower design demonstrated with Rb and Li

Bowden

Gunton

Semczuk

et al. 2016

Review of Scientific Instruments

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We present a dual-species effusive source and Zeeman slower designed to produce slow atomic beams of two elements with a large mass difference and with very different oven temperature requirements. We demonstrate this design for the case of 6 Li and 85 Rb and achieve magneto-optical trap (MOT) loading rates equivalent to that reported in prior work on dual species (Rb+Li) Zeeman slowers operating at the same oven temperatures. Key design choices, including thermally separating the effusive sources and using a segmented coil design to enable computer control of the magnetic field profile, ensure that the apparatus can be easily modified to slow other atomic species. By performing the final slowing using the quadrupole magnetic field of the MOT, we are able to shorten our Zeeman slower length making for a more compact system without compromising performance. We outline the construction and analyze the emission properties of our effusive sources. We also verify the performance of the source and slower, and we observe sequential loading rates of 8 × 10 8 atoms/s for a Rb oven temperature of 120 • C and 1.5 × 10 8 atoms/s for a Li reservoir at 450• C, corresponding to reservoir lifetimes for continuous operation of 10 and 4 years respectively.The ability to trap and cool multiple atomic species has garnered much interest within the cold atom community because the complex interactions within these systems give rise to a diverse range of physical phenomena., and Bose-Bose [7-9] gases allow for the study of novel states of matter which cannot be investigated in single species experiments. In particular, mixtures with large mass ratios, like those species presented here, are of interest for many body physics in the study of superfluidity [10], spin impurities, and Effimov physics [11]. Unfortunately, large mass differences also results in practical challenges when trying to slow multiple species.Abundant samples of cold atoms are also a prerequisite for the formation of ultracold hetero-nuclear molecules [12][13][14] whose long range dipole-dipole interactions lead to exotic phases of matter and possible quantum information applications [15][16][17]. LiRb is an excellent candidate for such studies as it is predicted to have the second largest electric inherent dipole moment of the alkali dimers and when in the triplet state has the added advantage of a magnetic dipole moment [18]. Furthermore, for certain experiments, there are practical advantages to having the ability to trap multiple species. For example, one species with poor collisional properties (which limit the efficacy of evaporative cooling) can be cooled sympathetically via interactions with the other species [19][20][21][22]. In other cases, one species can serve as an atomic detector to measure properties of the system, as has been demonstrated for thermodynamic measurements [23,24].Creating large samples of cold atoms while still maintaining a good vacuum in the trapping region can be achieved by creating an atomic beam with an effusive oven separated from ...

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Effusive atomic oven nozzle design using an aligned microcapillary array

Cited by 37 publications

References 16 publications

Steady-State Magneto-Optical Trap with 100-Fold Improved Phase-Space Density

Steady-State Magneto-Optical Trap with 100-Fold Improved Phase-Space Density

Experimental realization of a relativistic harmonic oscillator

An adaptable dual species effusive source and Zeeman slower design demonstrated with Rb and Li

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