Effusion cytology: Keeping researchers and journals in business for the past 20 years—and it is not over yet

Zimmerman, R. L.

doi:10.1016/j.cdip.2005.01.006

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Inflammation and chemical irritation have been found to cause a hyperplastic response in mesothelial cells, and both mechanisms may be evoked by setal migration through the tissues. 49 The presence of setal fragments in some serosal lesions confirms the lesions as an indicator of setal migration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Processionary Caterpillar Setae and Equine Fetal Loss

et al. 2013

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Six pregnant Standardbred mares aged between 6 and 14 years were gavaged with 50 g or 100 g of suspended emulsified whole Processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer) for 5 days during 2 experiments undertaken to study the etiology of equine amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL). The 6 treated mares and 1 untreated mare were between 128 and 252 days gestation. Mare 1 (untreated) was euthanized on day 5 of the treatment period, while the treated mares were euthanized on days 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, and 24 days from their first treatment. Caterpillar setae were not found in the untreated mare. Setal fragments were present in all regions of the gastrointestinal tracts in all treated mares, the uteri and mesenteric lymph nodes of 5 mares, and the liver of 4 mares. Acute gastroenteritis of varying severity was present in all treated mares, and 5 of 6 mares had acute colitis and endometritis. Focal hyperplastic serositis was found in the duodenum, cecum, dorsal colon, and uteri of various mares occasionally with embedded setal fragments. Setal invasion of the mucosa evoked a range of lesions including superficial erosion to deep ulceration. Inflammation in deeper tissues ranged from unapparent to neutrophilic (microabscesses), eosinophilic, or mononuclear (microgranulomas). The finding of setal fragments within the uterus of experimental mares suggests that direct migration of setal fragments acting as a bacterial vector is a likely mechanism for the bacterial abortions that characterize equine amnionitis and fetal loss.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Processionary Caterpillar Setae and Equine Fetal Loss

et al. 2013

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“…It is widely accepted that this assessment is relevant, not only for diagnoses but also for staging and prognostication of neoplastic effusions. Nevertheless, accurately diagnosing cells as benign reactive mesothelial cells or neoplastic mesothelial vs epithelial cells is a common dilemma that has been filling research volumes for more than 30 years . Accurate diagnostics are particularly challenging in veterinary cytology compared with human cytology because longstanding effusions in small animals are more common and mesothelial cells are more reactive compared with human effusions .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In human pathology, CBs have been used for IHC and have increased the diagnostic accuracy of malignancies from 12% to 55% . The technique is recommended as an adjunct to the direct cytologic observation of smears, especially when IHC is anticipated …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cell tube block technique and an immunohistochemistry panel including Wilms tumor 1 to assist in diagnosing cavitary effusions in dogs and cats

Marcos

Marrinhas

Malhão

et al. 2019

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Background: Cell blocks and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are increasingly recognized as being complementary tools for cytologic diagnostics, especially for neoplastic diseases. Objectives:The study aimed to evaluate the utility of cell tube block (CTB) IHC for refining the diagnosis of effusions in dogs and cats.Methods: Cavitary effusions (n = 25) from dogs and cats classified by cytology as reactive, neoplastic, borderline (suspicious of neoplasia), and chylous were studied.CTB sections were stained with H&E, and immunostained with PAX-5, CD3, pancytokeratin (CK), vimentin, and Wilms tumor 1 protein (WT1) antibodies, according to the cytologic diagnoses. A histologic case series of confirmed normal, reactive, and neoplastic mesothelium and several different carcinomas were included to test the utility of WT1 as a marker of mesothelial cells. Results:CTBs had a layered appearance with reduced background staining. CD3 and PAX5 immunolabeling allowed immunophenotype assessment in all of the lymphoma cases. In carcinomatous effusions, neoplastic cells were CK-positive, WT1negative, and vimentin-negative (except for two cases). Wilms tumor 1 protein was positive in the nuclei of normal, reactive, and neoplastic mesothelial cells, and ovarian carcinomatous cells. Other carcinomas and lymphomas were negative. Conclusions:CTBs are valuable tools to assist in making a diagnosis of cavitary effusions in dogs and cats, and WT1 is a promising marker to differentiate mesothelial from carcinomatous cells. K E Y W O R D Scell blocks, cytology, effusion, immunohistochemistry, mesothelial cells

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“…Nevertheless, as reiterated by Zimmerman,7 a diligent study of cellular morphology on routine smears, enhanced by the use of cell blocks, more often than not helps to make an accurate diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of intercellular spaces (windows) in effusion fluid cytology: A study of 46 samples

Murugan

Siddaraju

Habeebullah

et al. 2008

Diagnostic Cytopathology

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The presence and nature of intercellular windows were studied on 46 body cavity fluid samples chosen on the basis of an unequivocal diagnosis on May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG)/Papanicolaou-stained smears and cell blocks. Of these, 24 cases had adenocarcinoma (AC) and seven had reactive mesothelium (RM) with 15 having distinct populations of both. Mucicarmine and PAS stains were used wherever indicated. The specificity of windows for predicting reactive mesothelium was evaluated. Intercellular windows were found in all cases of reactive mesothelium coinciding with the presence of the fuzzy peripheral microvillous borders. Surprisingly, as many as 17/39 (44%) of the adenocarcinomas also exhibited this feature, of which 13 had a distinctly visible evenly distributed ciliated cell membrane. In addition, 30/39 (77%) cases of AC exhibited a "window-like" appearance caused by cytoplasmic vacuolation. None of the adenocarcinoma clusters with true window formation showed positivity for the mucin stains, whereas all the clusters with pseudowindows caused by vacuolation were stained. Thus the specificity of intercellular windows for RM was merely 56%, though the sensitivity was 100%. On the other hand, the absence of windows was 100% specific for adenocarcinoma. Intercellular windows, though a feature of reactive mesothelial cell populations, can also be found in cases of ciliated adenocarcinomas and may not have a significant predictive value.

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Effusion cytology: Keeping researchers and journals in business for the past 20 years—and it is not over yet

Cited by 7 publications

References 57 publications

Processionary Caterpillar Setae and Equine Fetal Loss

Processionary Caterpillar Setae and Equine Fetal Loss

The cell tube block technique and an immunohistochemistry panel including Wilms tumor 1 to assist in diagnosing cavitary effusions in dogs and cats

Significance of intercellular spaces (windows) in effusion fluid cytology: A study of 46 samples

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