Efforts by Industry to Improve the Environmental Safety of Pesticides

James, Jeff; Tweedy, B. G.; Newby, L. C.

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.002231

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…They biodegrade in the environment much more rapidly, reducing risk of contamination. The chemical industry has moved from a biological discovery approach, based on efficacy, to one that also includes earlier and better knowledge of pesticides' effects on ecosystems and human health (James et al, 1993).…”

Section: Alternatives To Conventional Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New chemistry, improved application methods, selective treatment, or other new methods are needed to reduce the environmental effects of pesticides. Alternatives to chemical pesticides are likely to play a more important role, together with increased reliance on biological control (James et al, 1993). However, totally replacing chemicals is not anticipated in the near future.…”

Section: Impediments To and Opportunities For Reducing Pesticide Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Reducing the Pollution Potential of Pesticides and Fertilizers in the Environmental Horticulture Industry: I. Greenhouse, Nursery, and Sod Production

Latimer¹,

Beverly²,

Robacker³

et al. 1996

horttech

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Pesticides have been the primary method of pest control for years, and growers depend on them to control insect and disease-causing pests effectively and economically. However, opportunities for reducing the potential pollution arising from the use of pesticides and fertilizers in environmental horticulture are excellent. Greenhouse, nursery, and sod producers are using many of the scouting and cultural practices recommended for reducing the outbreak potential and severity of disease and insect problems. Growers are receptive to alternatives to conventional pesticides, and many already use biorational insecticides. Future research should focus on increasing the effectiveness and availability of these alternatives. Optimizing growing conditions, and thereby plant health, reduces the susceptibility of plants to many disease and insect pest problems. Impediments to reducing the use of conventional pesticides and fertilizers in the environmental horticulture industry include 1) lack of easily implemented, reliable, and cost-effective alternative pest control methods; 2) inadequate funding for research to develop alternatives; 3) lack of sufficient educational or resource information for users on the availability of alternatives; 4) insufficient funding for educating users on implementing alternatives; 5) lack of economic or regulatory incentive for growers to implement alternatives; and 6) limited consumer acceptance of aesthetic damage to plants. Research and broadly defined educational efforts will help alleviate these impediments to reducing potential pollution by the environmental horticulture industry.

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Section: Alternatives To Conventional Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impediments To and Opportunities For Reducing Pesticide Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the Pollution Potential of Pesticides and Fertilizers in the Environmental Horticulture Industry: I. Greenhouse, Nursery, and Sod Production

Latimer¹,

Beverly²,

Robacker³

et al. 1996

horttech

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pesticides are designed to be toxic to target noxious organisms that cause damage to crops and economic losses. However, some active ingredients can be harmful to the environment and to non-target organisms (Delaplane, 2000) despite the efforts of research to develop and promote more selective and ecologically safer molecules (Schmutterer 1990;James et al, 1993;Thomson et al, 2000;Ishaaya et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Side effects of the natural pesticide Spinosad (GF-120 Formulation) on Eretmocerus paulistus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of the whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), under laboratory conditions

2013

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V. Tello, L. Díaz, and M. Sánchez. 2013. Side effects of the natural pesticide Spinosad (GF-120 Formulation) on Eretmocerus paulistus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of the whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), under laboratory conditions. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(2):407-417. The side effects of the insecticide GF-120 NF 0.02 Naturalyte CB® were evaluated on adults of Eretmocerus paulistus Hempel, a parasitoid of Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) in citrus orchards of northern Chile. LC 50 and LC 90 were determined by applying the insecticide using a Potter tower in decreasing doses from 0.96 to 0.1 mg a.i. L-1 (corresponding to 1% to 0.1% of the recommended dose, respectively). After 24 h of exposure, the results were fitted to a probit model, and the LC 50 and LC 90 were estimated at 0.21 and 0.79 mg a.i. L-1 , respectively. In feeding tests and evaluation of the toxic effect of dry residues of GF-120, it was determined that a high percentage of mortality (100%) was obtained using a combination of 24.0 mg a.i. L-1 x residues at 1 hour drying time. Residues at 96 h (4 days) drying time with concentrations of 38.4 or 24.0 mg a.i. L-1 caused mortalities over 60%. According to the classification of the IOBC (International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants) the manufacturer's recommended concentration of 96 mg a.i. L-1 was level 4, which is harmful (> 99%), as GF-120 concentrations can range from 0.77 to 72 mg a.i. L-1. The GF-120 residues applied on inert surfaces were harmful to E. paulistus with a high mortality rate under laboratory conditions. Field studies are needed to validate these results by evaluating parasitoid populations in insecticide-treated and untreated areas.

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Biodegradation of Diaryl Ether Pesticides

Schmidt¹

1998

Biodegradation of Dioxins and Furans

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Efforts by Industry to Improve the Environmental Safety of Pesticides

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Reducing the Pollution Potential of Pesticides and Fertilizers in the Environmental Horticulture Industry: I. Greenhouse, Nursery, and Sod Production

Reducing the Pollution Potential of Pesticides and Fertilizers in the Environmental Horticulture Industry: I. Greenhouse, Nursery, and Sod Production

Side effects of the natural pesticide Spinosad (GF-120 Formulation) on Eretmocerus paulistus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of the whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), under laboratory conditions

Biodegradation of Diaryl Ether Pesticides

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