Effort-motivated behavior resolves paradoxes in appetitive conditioning

Anselme, Patrick

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104525

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…This suggests that PR testing could potentially increase the preference for sucrose reward pellets without increasing palatability of the TestDiet pellets, though we are not aware of examples in which reward preference switched following effort expenditure. Alternatively, the apparent paradox in working harder for the less preferred reward could be an example of “irrational wanting” or difference between “liking” and “wanting” [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing reward preference using operant behavior in male and female mice

Karlsson,

Cameron

2023

PLoS ONE

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Many different solid food pellets are available as reinforcers for rodents in operant behavior tests. Different reward formulations have not been compared, so it is unclear whether mice show strong preferences for different rewards and whether such preferences are consistent within or across sex and background strain. Here we show that mice have strong preferences for two balanced diet food rewards over sucrose pellets, and preference for one balanced diet pellet formulation over another, in a simultaneous choice test using a low effort fixed ratio operant test. All mice, of both sexes and both CD1 and C57 background strains, showed the same strong preferences among these three types of reinforcers. In contrast, flavorings added to the reward pellets had relatively small and more variable effects on preference. The preference for balanced diet pellets over sucrose pellets was seen also in the total numbers of rewards consumed in low effort tests with food pellets or only sucrose pellets available. However, progressive ratio testing showed that mice worked harder for sucrose pellets than for the preferred balanced diet pellets. These findings indicate that reinforcers with similar and very different preference profiles are readily available and that testing with different rewards can produce different, and sometimes unexpected, results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing reward preference using operant behavior in male and female mice

Karlsson,

Cameron

2023

PLoS ONE

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“…When there is a high degree of uncertainty in pursuit of reward, operant responding is invigorated (Anselme & Güntürkün, 2019; Corwin, 2011). In line with the induced state of “wanting” in incentive salience theory of addictive substances (Robinson & Berridge, 2000), uncertain reward cues may elicit a state of incentive hope of reward attainment in forthcoming trials (Anselme, 2021). Thus, perceiving the near-miss as an inconsistent reward cue could incentivize continued gambling alongside a positive affective valuation (Anselme & Güntürkün, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The near-miss effect in online slot machine gambling: A series of conceptual replications.

Palmer,

Ferrari,

Clark

2024

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Objective: Near-misses are a structural characteristic of gambling products that can be engineered within modern digital games. Over a series of preregistered experiments using an online slot machine simulation, we investigated the impact of near-miss outcomes on subjective ratings (motivation, valence) and two behavioral measures (speed of gambling, bet size). Method: Participants were recruited using Prolific and gambled on an online three-reel slot machine simulator that delivered a one in three rate of X-X-O nearmisses. Study 1 measured trial-by-trial subjective ratings of valence and motivation (Study 1a, n = 169; Study 1b, n = 148). Study 2 (n = 170) measured spin initiation latencies as a function of the previous trial outcome. Study 3 (n = 172) measured bet size as a function of the previous trial outcome. Results: In Study 1a, near-misses increased the motivation to continue gambling relative to full-misses, supporting Hypothesis 1. On valence ratings, near-misses were rated significantly more positively than full-misses, in the opposite direction to Hypothesis 2; this effect was confirmed in a close replication (Study 1b). In Study 2, participants gambled faster following near-misses relative to full-misses, supporting Hypothesis 3. In Study 3, participants significantly increased their bet size following near-misses relative to full-misses, supporting Hypothesis 4. Conclusion: Across all dependent variables, near-miss outcomes yielded statistically significant differences from objectively equivalent full-miss outcomes, corroborating the "nearmiss effect" across both subjective and behavioral measures, and in the environment of online gambling. The unexpected findings on valence ratings are considered in terms of boundary conditions for the near-miss effect, and competing theoretical accounts based on frustration/regret, goal generalization, and skill acquisition. Public Health Significance StatementNear-misses are a structural design feature of modern gambling products that have been linked to excessive gambling. Some recent research has questioned the behavioral impact of near-misses. This series of replications indicates that near-miss outcomes in slot machine gambling influence a range of gambling behaviors relevant to harm reduction policy. The reliability of such effects-achieved through replication-is crucial for guiding policy around these outcomes, which can be engineered into modern gambling products.

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“…Associative inconsistency prolongs uncertainty about the outcome, which motivates organisms to look for quick disambiguation (Anselme, 2023). To reduce ambiguity (or uncertainty) duration, organisms should not be focused on the CS or the US (stimulus tracking) but rather on the attempt to find consistent pairings at the TL level (for examples unrelated to the paradoxical choice task, see Anselme, 2021; Anselme & Güntürkün, 2019). In the wild, consistency tracking increases fitness because it speeds up the learning of the causal structure of an uncertain environment, leading to better decisions in the future and to reduce ambiguity duration in that environment (Anselme, 2023).…”

Section: The Consistency Tracking Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in paradoxical choice between pigeons (Columba livia) and rats (Rattus norvegicus): The problem of cue trackability.

Anselme,

Blaisdell

2024

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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Effort-motivated behavior resolves paradoxes in appetitive conditioning

Cited by 9 publications

References 150 publications

Assessing reward preference using operant behavior in male and female mice

Assessing reward preference using operant behavior in male and female mice

The near-miss effect in online slot machine gambling: A series of conceptual replications.

Differences in paradoxical choice between pigeons (Columba livia) and rats (Rattus norvegicus): The problem of cue trackability.

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