Effluent profile of commercially used low-phosphorus fish feeds

Sugiura, Shozo; Marchant, Daniel D.; Kelsey, Kevin; Wiggins, T. A.; Ferraris, Ronaldo P.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.020

Cited by 77 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The retention efficiency of P by fish has been reported to be about 20% (Sugiura et al 2006), a value that is very close to our estimate. Unlike C and N, a major proportion of feed P was released as particles because of the low P digestibility in feed.…”

Section: Release Rates Of C N and P Wastessupporting

confidence: 80%

Chemical composition and release rate of waste discharge from an Atlantic salmon farm with an evaluation of IMTA feasibility

Wang¹,

Andresen²,

Handå³

et al. 2013

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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The carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) compositions of salmon feed, fish and faeces were studied at a salmon farm in Badstuvika (63°31' N, 9°9' E) in central Norway. These data were used to estimate the release rates of wastes from 2 salmon cages and the qualities of particulate wastes as food resources for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). About 38% of feed C, 43% of feed N and 24% of feed P were retained as fish biomass. About 62% of feed C, 57% of feed N and 76% of feed P were lost into the environment. Around 40% of feed C was respired as CO 2 , and 39% of feed N and 24% of feed P were excreted as dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. About 19% of feed C, 15% of feed N and 44% of feed P were released as particles. The chemical composition of feed was independent of time (p > 0.05). The faecal C content increased with increasing fish weight (r 2 = 0.14, p < 0.05); however, other faecal chemical components showed no apparent relationships with fish weight (p > 0.05). Our results suggested that P digestibility of feed may be 30%, but more information is still needed to reach conclusions on this. The C content of faeces was 70% of that of feed and the N content of faeces was 50% of that of feed. The P content was far higher than that of feed. The lipid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid contents of faeces were comparable to those of some phytoplankton species. The results suggested that both feed and faeces are adequate food for blue mussels and sea cucumbers co-cultured with salmon, and the nutrient content may meet their nutritional requirements.

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Section: Release Rates Of C N and P Wastessupporting

confidence: 80%

Chemical composition and release rate of waste discharge from an Atlantic salmon farm with an evaluation of IMTA feasibility

Wang¹,

Andresen²,

Handå³

et al. 2013

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…According to Chen et al (2003), approximately 15% of the C and N in faeces were leached after a few minutes in water, and there was no further significant leaching thereafter. Moreover, approximately 15% of faecal P becomes soluble in minutes or hours (Sugiura et al 2006). Feed loss is relatively low from modern salmon farming where feeding is normally camera assisted …”

Section: Mass Balance Of C N and P In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dissolved organic C, N and P (DOC, DON and DOP, respectively) are resuspended from faeces and feed particles able for bacteria and for phytoplankton over a longer time scale (Palenik & Morel 1990, Fan et al 2003, Stoecker & Gustafson 2003. One of the main challenges facing aquaculture today is sustaining a continued increase in fish production while minimizing the impact on the environment (Sugiura et al 2006, Navarrete-Mier et al 2010. The salmon aquaculture industry has taken a number of steps to reduce nutrient release from salmon farming facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discharge of nutrient wastes from salmon farms: environmental effects, and potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

Wang¹,

Olsen²,

Reitan³

et al. 2012

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

205

144

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We quantified release rates of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) waste from Norwegian salmon farms in 2009 in order to evaluate the theoretical environmental influence on surrounding waters and the potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) driven by salmon aquaculture. Of the total feed input, 70% C, 62% N and 70% P were released into the environment, equivalent to an annual discharge of about 404 000, 50 600 and 9400 t of C, N and P, respectively, based on total salmon production of 1.02 × 10 6 t. We predicted that 48% of feed C was respired as CO 2 , 45% of feed N was excreted as dissolved inorganic N (DIN), and 18% of feed P was excreted as dissolved inorganic P (DIP). Approximately 44% of feed P was released as particles, dominating solid wastes. The mean food conversion ratio (feed supplied per fish produced) of Norwegian salmon farms was 1.16 ± 0.08 SE in 2009. Estimates of the potential for IMTA driven by salmon farming showed a far higher potential for seaweed production based on the released DIN than for mussel production based on released appropriately sized particulate organic carbon (POC). The daily volumetric loading rates of DIN from salmon farms (range for counties: 40 to 501 µg N m −3 d −1 ) were <15% of the natural loading rate of nitrate from deep water, suggesting that the nutrient loading rate is within safe limits.KEY WORDS: Cage aquaculture · Atlantic salmon · Nutrient wastes · Feed conversion ratio · FCR · Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture · IMTA · Seaweed · Blue mussels Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…Global aquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector, with nearly half of the world's seafood supply now sourced from aquaculture (FAO 2012). A main challenge facing this industry is sustaining a continued increase in fish production while minimizing the impact on the environment (Sugiura et al 2006, 1994, Phillips et al 1991) and the rapid expansion of caged fish culture has raised a general concern about the release of solid and dissolved waste products to the environment (Troell & Norberg 1998, Perez et al 2002, Cheshuk et al 2003, Whitmarsh et al 2006, Valdemarsen et al 2012, Taranger et al 2015. Conspicuous environmental ef fects can stem from the increased organic matter loading on the seafloor, and consequential changes in benthic habitat and communities (Strain & Hargrave 2005, Kutti et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variations in suspended particulate waste concentrations at open-water fish farms in Canada and Norway

Brager¹,

Cranford²,

Jansen³

et al. 2016

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Effluent profile of commercially used low-phosphorus fish feeds

Cited by 77 publications

References 15 publications

Chemical composition and release rate of waste discharge from an Atlantic salmon farm with an evaluation of IMTA feasibility

Chemical composition and release rate of waste discharge from an Atlantic salmon farm with an evaluation of IMTA feasibility

Discharge of nutrient wastes from salmon farms: environmental effects, and potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

Temporal variations in suspended particulate waste concentrations at open-water fish farms in Canada and Norway

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