Efficient Typing on a Visually Occluded Physical Keyboard

Walker, James W.; Li, Bochao; Vertanen, Keith; Kuhl, Scott A.

doi:10.1145/3025453.3025783

Cited by 68 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The integration of physical desktop keyboards with VR settings has attracted the attention of researchers. Walker et al (2017) employed an orthogonal approach to examine the use of a completely visually occluded keyboard for typing in VR. The mean text-entry rates of their participants were 41.2-43.7 words-per-minute (WPM), with mean character error rates of 8.4%-11.8%.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controller-based Text-input Techniques for Virtual Reality: An Empirical Comparison

Boletsis

Kongsvik

2019

IJVR

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Existing consumer VR systems support text input using handheld controllers in combination with virtual keyboards and many designers have attempted to build on these widely used techniques. However, information on current and well-established VR text-input techniques is lacking. In this work, we conduct a comparative empirical evaluation of four controller-based VR text-input techniques, namely, raycasting, drum-like keyboard, head-directed input, and split keyboard. We focus on their text-entry rate and accuracy, usability, and user experience. Twenty-two participants evaluated the techniques by completing a typing session, answering usability and user-experience questionnaires, and participating in a semi-structured interview. The drum-like keyboard and the raycasting techniques stood out, achieving good usability scores, positive experiential feedback, satisfactory text-entry rates, and moderate error rates that can be reduced in future studies. The specific documented usability and experiential characteristics of the techniques are presented and discussed herein.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controller-based Text-input Techniques for Virtual Reality: An Empirical Comparison

Boletsis

Kongsvik

2019

IJVR

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“…They found that the character error rate (CER) was unacceptably high in the HMD condition (7.0% average CER) but could be reduced to an average 3.5% CER using an auto-correcting decoder. A year later, they showed that feedback of a virtual keyboard in VR, showing committed types, can help users correct their hand positions and reduce error rates while typing [33]. In contrast, in this paper, we will show that by visualizing users' finger tips while typing, there is no need for an auto-correcting decoder as with the visual feedback users' character error rate is already sufficiently low for both desktop and touchscreen keyboard typing.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 72%

Text Entry in Immersive Head-Mounted Display-Based Virtual Reality Using Standard Keyboards

Grubert

Witzani

Ofek

et al. 2018

2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

111

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We study the performance and user experience of two popular mainstream text entry devices, desktop keyboards and touchscreen keyboards, for use in Virtual Reality (VR) applications. We discuss the limitations arising from limited visual feedback, and examine the efficiency of different strategies of use. We analyze a total of 24 hours of typing data in VR from 24 participants and find that novice users are able to retain about 60% of their typing speed on a desktop keyboard and about 40-45% of their typing speed on a touchscreen keyboard. We also find no significant learning effects, indicating that users can transfer their typing skills fast into VR. Besides investigating baseline performances, we study the position in which keyboards and hands are rendered in space. We find that this does not adversely affect performance for desktop keyboard typing and results in a performance trade-off for touchscreen keyboard typing.

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“…They found that the character error rate (CER) was unacceptably high in the HMD condition (7.0% average CER) but could be reduced to an average 3.5% CER using an auto-correcting decoder. A year later, they showed that feedback of a virtual keyboard in VR, showing committed types, can help users correct their hand positions and reduce error rates while typing [40]. They discovered that their participants typed at an average entry rates of 41.2-43.7 words per minute (wpm), with average character error rates of 8.3%-11.8%.…”

Section: Keyboards For Vrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, we set out to compare common hand representations using a standard desktop keyboard. Specifically, we compare following hand representations: no hand representation as studied by Walker and Vertanen [40], blended video see-through of the user's hands as proposed by McGill et al [22], an inverse kinematic hand model as used by Schwind et al [31] and a minimalistic sphere representation of the user's fingertips. Further, we conjecture that with appropriate visualization, there is no need for an auto-correcting decoder, which reduces the complexity of the typing system.…”

Section: Hand Representation For Typing In Vrmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of Hand Representations for Typing in Virtual Reality

Grubert

Witzani

Ofek

et al. 2018

2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)

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Figure 1: Views on the conditions studied in the experiment on effects of hand representations for typing in VR. From left to right: NoHand, IKHand, Fingertip and VideoHand. AbstractAlphanumeric text entry is a challenge for Virtual Reality (VR) applications. VR enables new capabilities, impossible in the real world, such as an unobstructed view of the keyboard, without occlusion by the user's physical hands. Several hand representations have been proposed for typing in VR on standard physical keyboards. However, to date, these hand representations have not been compared regarding their performance and effects on presence for VR text entry. Our work addresses this gap by comparing existing hand representations with minimalistic fingertip visualization. We study the effects of four hand representations (no hand representation, inverse kinematic model, fingertip visualization using spheres and video inlay) on typing in VR using a standard physical keyboard with 24 participants. We found that the fingertip visualization and video inlay both resulted in statistically significant lower text entry error rates compared to no hand or inverse kinematic model representations. We found no statistical differences in text entry speed.

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Efficient Typing on a Visually Occluded Physical Keyboard

Cited by 68 publications

References 5 publications

Controller-based Text-input Techniques for Virtual Reality: An Empirical Comparison

Controller-based Text-input Techniques for Virtual Reality: An Empirical Comparison

Text Entry in Immersive Head-Mounted Display-Based Virtual Reality Using Standard Keyboards

Effects of Hand Representations for Typing in Virtual Reality

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