Efficient sulfated high silica ZSM-5 nanocatalyst for esterification of oleic acid with methanol

Mohebbi, Saeed; Rostamizadeh, Mohammad; Kahforoushan, Davood

doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109845

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Therefore, the esterification reaction was performed under an alcohol excess condition. To determine the effect of the reaction temperature on the oleic acid conversion, the reaction temperature varied between 140 • C and 170 • C, according to our experimental experience and the literature [46,47]. Figure 12 shows the oleic acid C/C 0 values as a function of reaction time (total 180 min) obtained at different temperatures using 5 wt% Co/ZSM-5-B catalyst.…”

Section: Catalytic Evaluation and Biodiesel Production 281 Oleic Acid...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bifunctional Co3O4/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid

et al. 2022

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In the present work, two sets of the Co/ZSM-5 mesoporous catalysts with different acidity and Co loadings varying from 1 to 5 and 10 wt% were prepared using mesoporous ZSM-5-A (Si/Al = 50) and ZSM-5-B (Si/Al = 150) as support. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the Co3O4 phase was formed in the surface of catalysts and the reducibility of Co3O4 nanoparticles on the ZSM-5-B was greater in comparison with that on the ZSM-5-A solid. In situ FTIR of pyridine adsorption characterization confirmed that all of the Co/ZSM-5 catalysts contained both Lewis (L) and Brønsted (B) acid sites, with a relatively balanced B/L ratio ranging from 0.61 to 1.94. Therefore, the Si/Al molar ratio in ZSM-5 affected both the surface acidity and the cobalt oxide reducibility. In the esterification of unsaturated omega-9 oleic acid with methanol, under the optimal reaction conditions (temperature 160 °C, catalyst concentration 2 g/L, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio 30, and reaction time 180 min), the biodiesel selectivity reached 95.1% over the most active 10 wt% Co/ZSM-5-B catalyst. The higher esterification activity of the Co/ZSM-5-B catalysts can be correlated with the greater amount of B and L acid sites, the balanced B/L ratio, and the higher reducibility of Co3O4 nanoparticles. The oleic acid esterification reaction followed the bifunctional mechanism of combining metal function (dispersed Co3O4 with a greater reducibility) with the acidity function (both B and L acid sites with a relative balanced B/L ratio) on the catalysts, which may help in providing a deep understanding of the esterification pathways and benefiting the design of novel bifunctional catalysts for biofuel production.

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Section: Catalytic Evaluation and Biodiesel Production 281 Oleic Acid...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bifunctional Co3O4/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid

et al. 2022

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“…On the other hand, the pore diameter of the microstructures was not changed significantly with the processing carried out, being in the range of 3.34 to 3.36 nm, while the mesoporous volume varied between 0.005-0.007 cm 3 /g. Mohebbi et al [36] report that the ZSM-5 zeolite sulfation process did not vary the diameter or volume of the nanocatalyst mesopores, remaining in the ranges of 2.08-2.13 nm and 0.05-0.06 cm 3 /g, respectively. For the developed microcatalysts SO4C and SO4M, when compared to the α-Al 2 O 3 , pore diameter and volume ranges of 3.34-3.36 nm and 0.005-0.007 cm 3 /g, respectively, were observed, in agreement with the sulfated catalysts reported in the literature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and morphology of mechanically sulfated acid catalysts of α-Al2O3

et al. 2021

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This work reports the evaluation of the microstructure, morphology, and catalytic behavior of α-Al 2 O 3 synthesized via combustion method for esterification reaction of oleic acid in soybean oil with ethanol to produce biodiesel. The reaction was evaluated with 2 wt% of catalyst at 160 °C for 3 h when the molar ratio of fatty acid:ethanol was 1:12. To enhance the catalytic performance of α-Al 2 O 3 , its sulfation was done by a different method using mechanical milling. The microcatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourie transform infrared spectroscopy, granulometric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed α-Al 2 O 3 as the major phase, presence of SO 4 2groups, the contribution of the sulfation process to morphology with reduction of agglomerates, and particle size from 18.98 to 15.30 mm. The yield of ester was enhanced from 80% (α-Al 2 O 3 as a catalyst) to 93% (SO 4 2-/α-Al 2 O 3 as a catalyst), which showed the milling as a fast method for synthesis of a highly efficient acid catalyst to produce biodiesel.

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“…ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was a popular choice for the production of biodiesel owing to its desirable properties of acidity, hydrophobicity and tunable surface area. Mohebbi et al 41 had investigated the esterification of oleic acid in the presence of methanol using sulphated high 1 M ratio of methanol to oleic acid in which the FFA conversion was 97%. Despite the high FFA conversion, the reaction required higher operating temperature compared to this study which increased the energy inputs.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Similar Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of glycerol‐free fatty acid methyl ester using interesterification reaction based on solid acid carbon catalyst derived from low‐cost biomass wastes

Wong

Lim

Pang

et al. 2020

Intl J of Energy Research

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The current research was aimed to corroborate as well as compare the feasible applicability of waste banana peel and empty fruit bunch (EFB) in synthesising high-performing heterogeneous catalysts. The solid acid catalysts originated from biomass wastes were employed for the synthesis of glycerol-free fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using catalytic interesterification process pathway. Acetic acid was produced as the by-product instead of glycerol. The heterogeneous acid catalysts were synthesised utilising sulphuric acid through direct sulfonation with thermal treatment. The concentration of the sulphuric acid was manipulated from 2 to 13 mol L −1 to investigate its effects on the resulting FAME yield while maintaining the sulfonating ratio at 10 mL g −1 . The catalytic performances of the as-synthesised catalysts were studied under reaction conditions of 12 wt % catalyst loading, 50:1 methyl acetate to oleic acid molar ratio for a duration of 8 hours at 60 C. The catalyst produced by activated carbon derived from EFB and sulfonated with 13 mol L −1 sulphuric acid exhibited the highest FAME yield at 44.3%. The parameter studies on reactant ratio (45:1-70:1), reaction temperature (90 C-130 C) and time (4-24 hours) of interesterification reaction discovered a general increasing trend in the FAME yield up to 52.3% with the optimum conditions of 50:1, 110 C and 8 hours, respectively. The catalyst was recyclable with 82% of the catalytic performance retained after five successive cycles with catalyst reactivation. This study confirmed that the renewable heterogeneous catalyst derived from biomass waste This paper is an extended and revised article presented at the

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Efficient sulfated high silica ZSM-5 nanocatalyst for esterification of oleic acid with methanol

Cited by 25 publications

References 47 publications

Bifunctional Co3O4/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid

Bifunctional Co3O4/ZSM-5 Mesoporous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Esterification of Unsaturated Omega-9 Oleic Acid

Microstructure and morphology of mechanically sulfated acid catalysts of α-Al2O3

Synthesis of glycerol‐free fatty acid methyl ester using interesterification reaction based on solid acid carbon catalyst derived from low‐cost biomass wastes

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