First, I thank God, for all of His blessings and mercy in my life. My deep gratitude and sincere thanks are due to my advisor, Dr. Ahmed Kamal, for his constant guidance, support and encouragement. Dr. Kamal has a great influence on my career and life. In my career, Dr. Kamal's vision, research methodologies and standard, shaped my thoughts and skills on conducting research and seeking knowledge. His insightful comments and invaluable reviews were of great benefits to my learning experience, in general, and to this research, in particular. I have learned greatly from him and he was always there for his students with an endless dedication. In my life, Dr. Kamal's achievements, sincere commitments toward his work and students, and his dedication and love for what he is doing, are always great sources of inspiration for me. It has been a great enlightening experience for me to do my PhD research work under his extraordinary supervision.