Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from a Discrete Hybrid Bismuth Bromide Ferroelectric Templated by Phosphonium Cation

Abstract

Bismuth containing hybrid molecular ferroelectrics are receiving tremendous attention in recent years owing to their stable and non‐toxic composition. However, these perovskite‐like structures are primarily limited to ammonium cations. Herein, we report a new phosphonium based discrete perovskite‐like hybrid ferroelectric with a formula [Me(Ph)3P]3[Bi2Br9] (MTPBB) and its mechanical energy harvesting capability. The Polarization‐Electric field (P‐E) measurements resulted in a well‐defined ferroelectric hysteresis loop with a remnant polarization value of 2.1 μC cm−2. Piezoresponse force microscopy experiments enabled visualization of the ferroelectric domain structure and evaluation of the piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33) for an MTPBB single crystal and thin film sample. Furthermore, flexible devices incorporating MTPBB in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix at various concentrations were fabricated and explored for their mechanical energy harvesting properties. The champion device with 20 wt % of MTPBB in PDMS rendered a maximum peak‐to‐peak open‐circuit voltage of 22.9 V and a maximum power density of 7 μW cm−2 at an optimal load of 4 MΩ. Moreover, the potential of MTPBB‐based devices in low power electronics was demonstrated by storing the harvested energy in various electrolytic capacitors.

Ferroelectric Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Ammonium Halogenobismuthate(III) for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

“…Upon further heating, a weight loss of 31.7% corresponds to the decomposition of (p- S11). This value is in line with the bandgaps observed for numerous organic−inorganic hybrid materials 48,49 and is significantly lower than those typically reported for ceramic materials. Furthermore, the dielectric nature of [BP Br DMA] 2 •[BiBr 5 ] was investigated in a temperature range of 298−378 K. The real part of the dielectric permittivity (ε′) was found to be 9.5 at room temperature and 100 kHz frequency (Figure S12a).…”

Recent developments in 2D materials for energy harvesting applications

“…It is the ability of materials with non-centrosymmetric crystal structures to generate electric polarization in response to applied mechanical stress. This is denoted as the direct piezoelectric effect and forms the basis for versatile applications in energy harvesting and sensing systems [91][92][93][94][95]. As the piezoelectric effect is reversible, materials that exhibit direct piezoelectric effect also display converse piezoelectric effect, implying the induction of mechanical strain in response to an applied electric field.…”

Triboelectric Nanogenerators as Power Sources for Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

“…Compared to other energy harvesters such as piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), TENGs produce high output, and they are comparatively easy to design. Further, they do not have a huge material restriction, offer design flexibility, and can be easily shaped in flexible and wearable form factors. ,− Further, triboelectrification can also occur in solid–liquid contacts along with solid–solid interactions . A TENG can be considered as a capacitor with varying capacitance, as illustrated in the center of Figure , which displays the four working modes of TENG, viz., vertical contact-separation (C-S) mode, single-electrode (SE) mode, lateral sliding (LS) mode, and freestanding triboelectric layer (FT) mode.…”