Efficient one-pot synthesis of n-butyl levulinate from carbohydrates catalyzed by Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3

Liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate with simultaneous water removal catalyzed by acid ion exchange resins

“…Results obtained for these gel-type resins are more or less in agreement with those of literature (Table 1) with sizeable differences. For D2, 94% of LA conversion with excellent selectivity was found after 480 min [21]. The discrepancies can be explained by the effect of water removal on the equilibrium composition, which increases the LA conversion despite the negative effect of higher temperature on the exothermic equilibrium reactions that lead to a decrease the equilibrium conversion.…”

“…The esterification of LA with butanol has been studied over several types of solid catalysts (Table 1) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and it has been also obtained via enzymatic catalysis [24]. Yang et al [23] showed that the synthesis of BL catalyzed by sulfonated solids and by liquid acids of different acid strength is sensitive to strength.…”

“…Using CNT-PSSA (poly(p-styrene sulfonic acid)-grafted carbon nanotubes) and the ion exchange resin Amberlyst 15 as catalysts BL yields of 87 and 89% was obtained, respectively, at 120 ºC and 24h [34]. Over metal sulfates at 190 ºC and after 2 h, a BL yield of 62.8% by butanolisis of fructose [21].…”

Catalytic Transformation of Cellulose and Its Derivatives into Functionalized Organic Acids

“…Lewis acids, such as AlCl 3 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , and SnCl 4 , are less corrosive than mineral acids, and thus, have recently been employed for the catalytic transformation of cellulose into levulinic acid. Hu and co‐workers reported that AlCl 3 −NaCl could efficiently catalyze the conversion of cellulose in corncob residue under hydrothermal conditions .…”

Efficient utilization of potash alum as a green catalyst for production of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid from mono-sugars

“…Thus, neither Lewis acid nor Brønsted acidity alone may be helpful in complete conversion of glucose into HMF and LA. 26 However, in case of homogeneous catalyzed reactions, the separation of metal salts and mineral acids from the product stream is a challenging task, whereas metal supported catalysts are relatively costlier which limits their application. On the contrary, potash-alum (PA) is an inexpensive and readily available material that has been used for a long time in water purication, due to its excellent internal pores.…”