Semiconductors
with appropriate band-gaps, band-edges, and lower lattice misfit strain
have been assembled to form type II heterostructures to promote the
electron–hole separation for photoelectrochemical water splitting.
For efficient design of type-II coherent heterostructures, it is essential
to calibrate the band gaps, band edge positions, bonding, and lattice
misfit strain at the interface. To this end, we apply the first principle
study to screen type-II heterostructures by exploring “native”
and “non-native” structures of widely used semiconductor
materials such as TiO2, ZnO, BiVO4, CdSe, and
ZnS. “Non-native” structures differ from the “native”
(ground state) structure of bulk crystals in terms of discrete translational
symmetry. Due to a change in discrete translational symmetry, atomic,
and electronic properties of native and non-native materials are expected
to be different. The screening process is based on three criteria:
band edges, type-II band alignment between two semiconductors, and
identification of coherent interfaces between them. Band edge calculations
show that most of the polymorphs are not only suitable for oxygen
evolution reaction, but also for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
On the basis of band edge positions, several isomaterial and heteromaterial
type-II combinations of heterostructures have been explored in which
221 (out of 297) materials have type-II combinations, including many
combinations that have not yet been explored experimentally. However,
a requirement of the complementary translation symmetry and motif
positions to minimize lattice mismatch brings down the possibilities
to 19 misfit strained coherent interfaces (e.g., WZ (101̅0)-ZnS/ZB
(110)-ZnO). This study points to the centrality of constraints of
the coherency of the interface in determining the efficiency of electron–hole
separation.