Efficient Leaching of Metal Ions from Spent Li-Ion Battery Combined Electrode Coatings Using Hydroxy Acid Mixtures and Regeneration of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide

Abstract

Extensive use of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles, electronics, and other energy storage applications has resulted in a need to recycle valuable metals Li, Mn, Ni, and Co in these devices. In this work, an aqueous mixture of glycolic and lactic acid is shown as an excellent leaching agent to recover these critical metals from spent Li-ion laptop batteries combined with cathode and anode coatings without adding hydrogen peroxide or other reducing agents. An aqueous acid mixture of 0.15 M in glycolic and 0.35 M in lactic acid showed the highest leaching efficiencies of 100, 100, 100, and 89% for Li, Ni, Mn, and Co, respectively, in an experiment at 120 °C for 6 h. Subsequently, the chelate solution was evaporated to give a mixed metal-hydroxy acid chelate gel. Pyrolysis of the dried chelate gel at 800 °C for 15 h could be used to burn off hydroxy acids, regenerating lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and the novel method presented to avoid the precipitation of metals as hydroxide or carbonates. The Li, Ni, Mn, and Co ratio of regenerated lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is comparable to this metal ratio in pyrolyzed electrode coating and showed similar powder X-ray diffractograms, suggesting the suitability of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid mixtures as leaching agents and ligands in regeneration of mixed metal oxide via pyrolysis of the dried chelate gel.

Advancing Electric Vehicle Infrastructure: A Review and Exploration of Battery-Assisted DC Fast Charging Stations

“…Cathode active materials in lithium-ion batteries typically include metal oxides like mixed metal oxides or phosphate derivatives [38][39][40]. These include lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC, LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 ), known for its longer life cycle, lithium iron phosphate (LFP, LiFePO 4 ), which reduces the risk of thermal runaway, lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA, LiNi x Co y Al z O 2 ), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO, LiCoO 2 ), and lithium manganese oxide (LMO, LiMn 2 O 4 ), which offers higher charging rates and thermal stability.…”