Efficient Fluorescence “Turn-On” Sensing of Dissolved Oxygen by Electrochemical Switching

Abstract

We report on a novel method for sensing oxygen that is based on the use of a perylene diimide dye (1) which is electrochemically reduced to its nonfluorescent dianion form (1(2-)). In the presence of oxygen, the dianion is oxidized to its initial form via an electron-transfer reaction with oxygen upon which fluorescence is recovered. As a result, the fluorescence intensity of the dianion solution increases upon the addition of oxygen gas. Results demonstrate that high sensitivity is obtained, and the emission intensity shows a linear correlation with oxygen content (0.0-4.0% v/v) at ambient barometric pressure. In addition, using electrochemical reduction, oxygen determination becomes regenerative, and no significant degradation is observed over several turnovers. The limit of detection is 0.4% oxygen in argon gas.

Green Perylene Bisimide Dyes: Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties

“…In addition, PBIs have been used as building blocks to construct supramolecular or artificial photosynthetic systems [30,31,32,33]. These organic dyes are advantageous, due to their high molar absorptivities, reversible redox properties and optical stabilities, ease of synthetic modification and excellent thermal stability [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55]. The electronic characteristics of PBIs can also be fine-tuned by the substitution of the conjugated aromatic core.…”

Using Sugar‐based Additives to Prolong the Lifetime of Air‐Stable Radicals in Self‐Assembled Perylene Bisimides

“…For sensors, this radical anion can be induced or reduced depending on the molecule it is detecting. For the case of oxygen sensing, the non‐fluorescent charged species is oxidized by oxygen and so the fluorescent ground state material is then detected . In the case of hydrazine, this acts as a hole scavenger and so increases the amount of radical anion that is present, resulting in the distinctive purple color of the reduced species .…”

Optical and Electrochemical Combination Sensor with Poly‐Aniline Film Modified Gold Surface and Its Application for Dissolved Oxygen Detection

“…DO concentration is an indicator to monitor water quality. As a consequence, considerable efforts have been made into the development of DO measurement methods [2]. The widely studied method for DO measurement is Clark electrode and its modified forms [3][4][5], including the potentiometric DO sensors based on metal oxides electrodes [6][7][8].…”

“…The widely studied method for DO measurement is Clark electrode and its modified forms [3][4][5], including the potentiometric DO sensors based on metal oxides electrodes [6][7][8]. Although electrochemical-based DO sensors can provide accurate measurement results, its drawbacks, such as the slow response time, a "static" reading and the aging of the electrodes, have limited its general application [9].Optical methods such as fiber optic sensors [10] offer attractive alternatives to the electrochemical-based DO sensors due to the fast response time, little oxygen consumption and no interference from exterior electromagnetic fields [9][10][11].Among these optical methods for DO detection, fluorescence-based and luminescencebased DO sensors have received special attention [11,12]. Such sensors exploit a decrease in fluorescence intensity of an excited indicator as a result of the quenching effect induced by the energy-transfer mechanism with oxygen molecule [12].…”