Efficient extraction of perfluorocarboxylic acids in complex samples with a monolithic adsorbent combining fluorophilic and anion-exchange interactions

Recent Developments of PFAS-Detecting Sensors and Future Direction: A Review

“…Depending on the molecular characteristics of the target PFASs and the type of information required from the analysis, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), or atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) have been applied for PFAS measurements [19,20]. PFASs from various aqueous matrices are typically extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) [21,22,51,52], but other methods, including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [23], ion-pair extraction (IPE) [24], solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [25], and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [26], have also been used in many studies. The most common protocol for off-line SPE (typically polystyrene divinylbenzene contained cartridges) involves extract elution using methanol followed by concentration to dryness with nitrogen before injecting the sample into the column and analyzing it using LC-MS/MS [53,54].…”

“…PFASs from various aqueous matrices are typically extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) [ 21 , 22 , 51 , 52 ], but other methods, including liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) [ 23 ], ion-pair extraction (IPE) [ 24 ], solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [ 25 ], and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) [ 26 ], have also been used in many studies. The most common protocol for off-line SPE (typically polystyrene divinylbenzene contained cartridges) involves extract elution using methanol followed by concentration to dryness with nitrogen before injecting the sample into the column and analyzing it using LC-MS/MS [ 53 , 54 ].…”

“…The authors reported a reduced analysis time, reduced sample and solvent volume, and improved recoveries when using this method, and hence, suggested its application toward the rapid screening of PFCAs in environmental samples. For the efficient extraction of PFCAs in complex water matrices, Huang et al [ 25 ] recently proposed a novel multiple monolithic fiber solid-phase microextraction (MMF-SPME) approach that follows the same extraction protocol as conventional SPME; however, this process possesses a higher extraction capacity due to MMF and offers a low-cost, simple operation with a fast mass transfer. The authors reported the LOD of the target PFCAs in tap water, river water, wastewater, and milk samples to be 0.40–12.1 ng/L [ 25 ].…”

Current progress in the environmental analysis of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

“…Some additional techniques that have been applied more sporadically, yet with satisfying recoveries for the extraction of analytes from aqueous matrices are multiple monolithic fibre solid-phase microextraction (MMF-SPME), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). MMF-SPME utilizing a monolith-based adsorbent that generates anion-exchange as well as fluorophilic interactions with PFCAs was evaluated for the precize detection of long-chain PFCAs in environmental water and milk samples in the pg/L range 43 . LLE and its main ecological application, DLLME, are often applied for the clean-up of PFAS burdened aqueous samples.…”

Metal–Organic Framework-Enhanced Solid-Phase Microextraction Mass Spectrometry for the Direct and Rapid Detection of Perfluorooctanoic Acid in Environmental Water Samples

“…11 Commercial SPME fibers are usually coated with polymers such as poly(acrylate) and poly(dimethylsiloxane), which are not particularly efficient for extracting PFOA. 12 More advanced coatings that allow for a more efficient adsorption of PFAS have been reported that are highly promising, but they can involve the use of chromatography prior to analysis by mass spectrometry, 13 relatively long extraction times (up to 1 h), and relatively large sample volumes (up to 1 L). 14 High-performance sorbents for a given analyte using SPME are materials that (i) interact strongly with the target analytes through absorption and/or adsorption; (ii) are able to efficiently release the analyte under the extraction conditions; (iii) have a high surface area; and (iv) have high thermal stability.…”