Efficient experimental characterisation of the permeability of fibrous textiles

Swery, Elinor; Allen, Tom; Comas-Cardona, Sébastien; Govignon, Quentin; Hickey, Christopher; Timms, Jamie; Tournier, L.; Walbran, Andrew; Kelly, Piaras; Bickerton, Simon

doi:10.1177/0021998316630801

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Endruweit [11] studied the effect of the yarn cross-sectional shape on the resin flow between inter-yarn gaps by combining theoretical analysis with numerical simulations. Endruweit [12] and Swiry [13] studied the permeability of single/multi-layer plain woven fabrics and investigated the influence of the number of layers on the permeability. Chen [14] used a dual-scale model to predict the fabric permeability, and the results showed that the permeabilities of fabrics with the same fiber volume fractions were not necessarily the same.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the 2.5D woven preform was treated as a porous media. The principle in-plane permeability and the angle between the principal permeability and the weft of the fabric were measured at four different shear angles by the radial flow method [13]. A finite element model of the unit cell was established for the four different shear angles, to take into account the changes in yarn morphology caused by the shear deformation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Shear Deformation on Permeability of 2.5D Woven Preform

et al. 2019

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The accurate prediction of the permeability is the key to optimizing the molding process of fiber reinforced composites, thus to improve the composite quality, and reduce the material and labor costs in the manufacturing process. In this paper, the permeability of 2.5D woven preform with shear deformation was studied by experiments and numerical simulations. The permeabilities of the samples under various shear angles were measured by the radial flow method. An RVE (representative volume element) model based on the fabric microstructure and shear deformation is developed to predict the permeability of preform and the simulation results are compared with experiments value to verify the effectiveness of this model. Using this model, the effect of the fiber volume fraction on the permeability of the 2.5D woven preform was determined. Based on the structural characteristics, experimental and simulation results of the 2.5D woven preform, an empirical equation for predicting its permeability under shear deformation was formulated. The prediction accuracy of the equation was evaluated, and the equation was used to determine the change of permeability with shear deformation for the 2.5D woven preform.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Shear Deformation on Permeability of 2.5D Woven Preform

et al. 2019

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“…In this kind of method, measurements are made in a dry medium, i.e. at exact point that the fluid reaches the sensor [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saturated methods are more commonly used in transverse permeability determination. A recent work presented in [19] proposes the use of an Instron 1186 Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to control the reinforced thickness. Once reinforced thickness can be changed with the UTM, different volume fractions can be set concurrently to the permeability test, making easy to perform in-depth study of the compactionpermeability relationship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transverse permeability determination and influence in resin flow through an orthotropic medium in the RTM process

et al. 2017

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Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process is commonly used to produce high quality polymeric composites with simple or complex geometries in small to large sizes. In RTM process a preformed reinforcement is positioned inside the mold cavity. This dry reinforcement is actually a fibrous porous media whereby resin will flow. The mold is then closed and resin is injected. After complete impregnation of the reinforcement, resin cure process takes place. Numerical simulation is a very useful tool for mold design and process optimization, however resin and reinforced medium physical properties must be precisely determined. Medium permeability is probably the most important and most difficult parameter to be evaluated. In this work it is proposed a numerical/experimental methodology to determine transverse permeability in reinforcements used within RTM process. PAM-RTM software was chosen to simulate resin flow through the reinforced medium. Proposed methodology uses the inverse parameter estimation method to calculate the unknown permeability. Newton-Raphson method was used to solve the associated algebraic equation system, on which PAM-RTM software is used to calculate resin injection times. Results have shown that with previous knowledge (taken from literature or obtained experimentally) of the in-plane permeabilities (K xx and K yy), physical properties of the resin (ρ, µ), medium porosity (ε) and total filling time (t) it is possible to estimate transverse permeability in thick pieces. It was also performed a numerical study about the influence of transverse permeability in resin flow inside the mold. This study predicted several possible problems that may occur when transverse permeability is much smaller than in-plane permeabilities. Finally, it is possible to state that mold design and proper fibrous reinforcement choice can be optimized when numerical techniques are used.

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“…Besides nesting, the transverse permeability of fabrics can also be affected by other factors, such as the deformation of fiber tows resulting from flow-induced compaction, [9,20,21] reinforcement distortions, [22,23] and dual-scale flow. [24][25][26][27][28] Affected by these factors and also the intrinsic features of different fabrics, such as the material and the woven pattern, the range of saturated transverse permeability can be very large, which generally varies from 10 −10 m 2 ( [14,18,[29][30][31] ), 10 −11 m 2 ( [12,13,19,32] ) to 10 −12 m 2 or even lower ( [9][10][11]20,33] ). No standard procedure has yet been proven to measure the saturated transverse permeability of fibrous reinforcements.…”

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confidence: 99%

Numerical and experimental investigation of saturated transverse permeability of 2D woven glass fabrics based on material twins

Huang

Causse

et al. 2019

Polymer Composites

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The transverse permeability of fibrous reinforcement is one of the critical parameters that govern fabrication efficiency and production quality in several liquid composite molding process variants devised to achieve transverse impregnation of fibrous reinforcements. It is difficult to precisely measure and predict the transverse permeability, because it is simultaneously affected by diverse factors, for example, the geometric features of the test mold, nesting between fabric layers, and flow‐induced compaction of the fiber bed. In this article, the saturated transverse permeability of 2D woven glass fabrics is investigated using information provided by mesostructural geometric models reproducing the real textile architecture. These models are created by micro‐CT aided geometric modeling, a recently proposed technique to analyze three‐dimensional images obtained by X‐ray microtomography. They are called “material twins” because they reproduce with assessed accuracy the geometrical configuration of the textile preform, are representative of material variability, and allow performing numerical simulations of flow or mechanical properties. Computer simulations of steady state transverse flows in material twins were carried out to evaluate the transverse permeability and compared to experiments. Issues concerning material variability due to nesting and the accuracy of transverse permeability measurements were considered and discussed. A good agreement was obtained between numerical and experimental values of transverse permeability. Both approaches show a significant influence of the number of layers considered, which can be explained by nesting between adjacent plies. Numerical simulations also illustrate how nesting significantly affects material variability.

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Efficient experimental characterisation of the permeability of fibrous textiles

Cited by 34 publications

References 48 publications

The Effect of Shear Deformation on Permeability of 2.5D Woven Preform

The Effect of Shear Deformation on Permeability of 2.5D Woven Preform

Transverse permeability determination and influence in resin flow through an orthotropic medium in the RTM process

Numerical and experimental investigation of saturated transverse permeability of 2D woven glass fabrics based on material twins

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