Efficient esterification reaction of palmitic acid catalyzed by WO<sub>3-x</sub>/mesoporous silica

Peruzzolo, Tailor Machado; Stival, João Felipe; Baika, Loana Mara; Ramos, Luiz Pereira; Grassi, Marco Tadeu; Rocco, Maria Luiza M.; Nakagaki, Shirley

doi:10.1080/17597269.2020.1722415

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Various metal and metal oxides such as W, Ce, Zr, Ca, Mo, and Zn were reported as the active site for biodiesel conversion from many plant oils [68,69]. In addition, the combination of both methods for bimetal-modified mesoporous silica has also been attempted.…”

Section: Metal-or Metal Oxide-impregnated Mesoporous Silicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoporous Silica-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

et al. 2023

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High demand for energy consumption forced the exploration of renewable energy resources, and in this context, biodiesel has received intensive attention. The process of biodiesel production itself needs to be optimized in order to make it an eco-friendly and high-performance energy resource. Within this scheme, development of low-cost and reusable heterogeneous catalysts has received much attention. Mesoporous silica materials with the characteristics of having a high surface area and being modifiable, tunable, and chemical/thermally stable have emerged as potential solid support of powerful catalysts in biodiesel production. This review highlights the latest updates on mesoporous silica modifications including acidic, basic, enzyme, and bifunctional catalysts derived from varied functionalization. In addition, the future outlook for progression is also discussed in detail.

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Section: Metal-or Metal Oxide-impregnated Mesoporous Silicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoporous Silica-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

et al. 2023

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“…Although homogeneous acid catalysts can well catalyze the esterification reactions, they are nonrenewable and generate a large amount of wastewater during biodiesel separation. , On the contrary, solid acids can offer plentiful acidic sites for esterification and enable catalyst separation and recycling, and thus they can be used for continuous biodiesel production. , The number and types (Brønsted/Lewis) of acid sites as well as the structure and properties of the catalyst greatly affect the catalytic activity. , Numerous solid acids such as sulfated metal oxides, cation exchange resins, and zeolites − have been employed to catalyze the esterification reaction. Sulfated metal oxides have received much attraction due to the superacidic features of SO 4 2– groups on the surface of the metal oxides such as ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , and WO 3 . ,− Typically, the sulfated acids are synthesized via three steps: the preparation of metal oxides by a sol–gel or coprecipitation method, the introduction of SO 4 2– groups using H 2 SO 4 , HSO 3 Cl, or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 as acid sources, and calcination at a high temperature . The acidity of the solid acids is greatly dependent on the sulfonation method, preparation method, SO 4 2 concentration, and calcination temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SO₄^2–/ZrO₂ as a Solid Acid for the Esterification of Palmitic Acid with Methanol: Effects of the Calcination Time and Recycle Method

Wang

et al. 2020

ACS Omega

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Two types of SO4 2–/ZrO2 solid acid catalysts with various calcination times were prepared via incipient wetness impregnation of (NH4)2SO4 to hydrothermally synthesized ZrO2 and subsequently employed to catalyze the esterification of palmitic acid with methanol. The resulting catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) to elucidate their physicochemical properties, morphology, and deactivation mechanism. A calcination procedure is required to transform the amorphous ZrO2 into the crystal form. Both chelating and bridged bidentate SO4 2– coordinate with the ZrO2 surface. The calcination at 600 °C could well eliminate the water in the catalyst and a further higher temperature would accelerate the loss of SO4 2–. Long-time calcination also decreases the catalytic activity due to the transformation of monoclinic ZrO2 into tetragonal one and the slow leaching of SO4 2–. The catalytic activity increases with increasing catalyst loading amount, reaction temperature, and molar ratio of palmitic acid to methanol, while the heating temperature over 65 °C and excess methanol amount are unfavorable to the esterification reaction due to the low-boiling-point methanol and attenuation of the palmitic acid concentration. It appears that the reaction conditions of 65 °C, 6 wt % catalyst, 25:1 of methanol to palmitic acid, and 4 h reaction time are economically optimal under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst could not be well regenerated by the ultrasonic methanol washing method because of refractory organic residues. The catalyst activity could be well recovered without major activity loss by the calcination at 600 °C for 1 h. The catalyst deactivation is due to contamination by the refractory organic residues in the catalyst as well as by the leaching of SO4 2–, and thus both the calcination temperature and time should be strictly controlled to achieve a better catalyst lifetime.

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In situ impregnation of cobalt‐doped tungstophosphoric acid on MOF‐801 toward enhanced catalytic activity for esterification

Zhang,

Hu,

Chen

et al. 2024

Applied Organom Chemis

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Development of an energy‐efficient and economical route is necessary for society to synthesize green biofuels. Herein, cobalt‐doped tungstophosphoric acid (Co‐HPW) is in‐situ impregnated in the Zr‐based metal–organic framework (MOF‐801) forming composite of Co‐HPW/MOF‐801. The chemical composition, morphology, and acidic sites of the Co‐HPW/MOF‐801 composite were analyzed through x‐ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), N2 physisorption, ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption (NH3‐TPD), pyridine‐adsorbed infrared spectra (Py‐FTIR), and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic performance of the as‐synthesized catalyst was explored to catalyze esterification of lauric acid (LA) with methanol. The outcomes revealed that the Co‐HPW/MOF‐801 nanocatalyst achieved a high conversion of 86.3% under the optimized reaction condition (catalyst amount of 0.15 g, temperature of 100°C, time of 4 h, and methanol/LA molar ratio of 20:1). The excellent catalytical performance is mainly due to the large BET surface area, exposure of more active centers from available pore structure, and simultaneous possession of high Lewis and Brønsted acidity. Furthermore, the kinetic study revealed that the reaction process was kinetically controlled and the activation energy was found to be 42.1 kJ/mol. The results suggest that the synthesized Co‐HPW/MOF‐801 nanocatalyst is an environmental greenness, low cost, and suitable for easy scale‐up for the production of biofuels.

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Efficient esterification reaction of palmitic acid catalyzed by WO_3-x/mesoporous silica

Abstract: Sample handling and equipment used to characterize the solids and productsIn order to characterize the solid samples, they were pulverized when necessary. Each solid sample was grounded to dust manually in a mortar with the aid of a porcelain pistil.

Cited by 12 publications

References 54 publications

Mesoporous Silica-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

Mesoporous Silica-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

SO₄^2–/ZrO₂ as a Solid Acid for the Esterification of Palmitic Acid with Methanol: Effects of the Calcination Time and Recycle Method

In situ impregnation of cobalt‐doped tungstophosphoric acid on MOF‐801 toward enhanced catalytic activity for esterification

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Efficient esterification reaction of palmitic acid catalyzed by WO3-x/mesoporous silica

Abstract: Sample handling and equipment used to characterize the solids and productsIn order to characterize the solid samples, they were pulverized when necessary. Each solid sample was grounded to dust manually in a mortar with the aid of a porcelain pistil.

Cited by 12 publications

References 54 publications

Mesoporous Silica-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

Mesoporous Silica-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

SO42–/ZrO2 as a Solid Acid for the Esterification of Palmitic Acid with Methanol: Effects of the Calcination Time and Recycle Method

In situ impregnation of cobalt‐doped tungstophosphoric acid on MOF‐801 toward enhanced catalytic activity for esterification

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Efficient esterification reaction of palmitic acid catalyzed by WO_3-x/mesoporous silica

SO₄^2–/ZrO₂ as a Solid Acid for the Esterification of Palmitic Acid with Methanol: Effects of the Calcination Time and Recycle Method