Efficient Endocytosis of the Human Lactoferrin N-Lobe Enhances Its Antiproliferative Activity against Human Cancer Cells

Abstract

Human lactoferrin (hLF) is a glycosylated globular iron-binding protein with high functional versatility that elicits anticancer, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Some of the diverse functions of hLF are induced after its internalization into various cells via cell surface endocytosis receptors, such as proteoglycans, which contain glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains.We have previously demonstrated that an hLF derivative comprising the N-terminal half of hLF (referred to as the N-lobe) is internalized by intestinal enterocyte Caco-2 cells. However, the relationship between the intracellular uptake of the N-lobe and its pharmacological activity remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the N-lobe is efficiently internalized by lung cancer cells via endocytic pathways, suppressing their proliferation. Moreover, the N-lobe showed higher intracellular uptake than hLF. We found that the N-lobe was internalized into the human lung cancer cell lines PC-14 and PC-3 via clathrin-and/or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Intracellular uptake of the N-lobe was inhibited when an equimolar concentration of chondroitin sulfate (CS)-E, a GAG subtype involved in malignant transformation and tumor metastasis, was added. The inhibitory effect of the N-lobe on PC-14 cell proliferation decreased with the addition of CS-E in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the CS-recognizing sequence on the N-lobe is necessary for its internalization or that the CS proteoglycan on cancer cells acts as an endocytosis receptor. These results suggest that the efficient endocytic uptake of the N-lobe is important for its antiproliferation effects on lung cancer cell lines. Thus, the N-lobe presents a promising drug candidate for cancer treatment.

The Iron Binding Ability Maps the Fate of Food-Derived Transferrins: A Review

“…The N-terminal lobe of FDTs is believed to be the most effective scavenging domain in this process. 39 Apo-FDTs were also used against renal oxidative tubular damage. 40 Native-LF was more effective than the holo-form in reducing cellular ROS levels induced by ragweed pollen antigen, leading to decreased accumulation of inflammatory in the airways of a mouse model.…”

“…By capturing Fe 3+ , FDTs mitigate oxidative stress by inhibiting intracellular Fenton and Haber–Weiss reactions, thereby promoting overall homeostasis. The N-terminal lobe of FDTs is believed to be the most effective scavenging domain in this process . Apo-FDTs were also used against renal oxidative tubular damage .…”