Efficient DNA condensation by ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes containing triptycenyl functionalized 1,10-phenanthroline

Abstract

A series of luminescent ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes containing an extended aromatic moiety derived from triptycene and 1,10-phenanthroline were synthesized and their photophysical, theoretical, and biological properties were investigated.

Near-IR/Visible-Emitting Thiophenyl-Based Ru(II) Complexes: Efficient Photodynamic Therapy, Cellular Uptake, and DNA Binding

“…Since the discovery of [Ru­(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ , tremendous attention has paid to dppz derivative based Ru­(II) complexes. Evidence shows that electron effects, planarity, and hydrophobicity of substituent groups on dppz units play important roles in the DNA binding properties, including DNA binding affinities, thermal stabilization effects, DNA photocleavage, binding selectivity and kinetics, cellular uptake/localization, dark cytotoxicities, and PDT effects. ,− However, Ru­(II) complexes with an organic ligand analogous to dppz, dipyrido­[6,7-d:2′3′- f ]­quinoxaline (dpq), have received much less attention. Delaney and Aldrich-Wright first reported the synthesis and DNA affinity of [Ru­(bpy) 2 dqp] 2+ and [Ru­(dpq) 3 ] 2+ in 2002 and 1995, respectively.…”

Interfering with DNA High‐Order Structures using Chiral Ruthenium(II) Complexes

“…Recently, ruthenium(II) complexes have attracted increasing attention in the design of DNA binding and recognition agents as well as anticancer drugs targeting DNA . Some DNA intercalative Ru II complexes have been previously reported to induce DNA B–Z conformational transfer, as well as some Ru II DNA intercalating complexes, which can condense DNA . In this work, our results serve to demonstrate the structural effect of DNA intercalators on their interference with DNA high‐order structures, and to determine the link between the B–Z DNA conformational transformation and DNA condensation.…”

“…[33][34][35][36][37][38] SomeD NA intercalative Ru II complexes have been previously reported to induce DNA B-Z conformational transfer, [39][40][41][42] as well as some Ru II DNA intercalating complexes,w hichc an con-denseD NA. [42][43][44][45][46][47] In this work,o ur results serve to demonstrate the structurale ffect of DNA intercalators on their interference with DNA high-order structures, and to determine the link betweent he B-Z DNA conformational transformation andD NA condensation. Therefore, as eries of chiral polypyridyl Ru II complexesw ith expanding planar ligands ([Ru(bpy) 2 IP](ClO 4 ) 2 (D-Ru1 and L-Ru1), [Ru(bpy) 2 IIP](ClO 4 ) 2 (D-Ru2 and L-Ru2), and [Ru(bpy) 2 NIP](ClO 4 ) 2 (D-Ru3 and L-Ru3)( Scheme 1, bpy = 2,2'bipyridine, IP = imidazo [4,5-f] [1,10]phenanthroline, IIP = isoindolylimidazo [4,5,f] [1,10]phenanthroline, NIP = benzo[f]isoindole [4,5,f] [1,10]phenanthroline)) are synthesized and characterized, andt heir structural effects on DNA are studiedb yu sing spectraland morphological tools.…”

A Promising Dna Groove Binder and Photocleaver Based on a Dinuclear Ruthenium(ii) Complex

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Since the pioneering report of DNA binding properties of Δ-and Λ-[Ru(phen) 3 ] 2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and DNA molecular light switch behaviors of Ru(phen) 2 (dppz) 2+ and Ru(bpy) 2 (dppz) 2+ (dppz = dipyrido [3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) by Barton et al, the last few decades have seen an increased interest in ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as promising DNA structural probes, DNA footprinting, sequence specific cleaving and antitumor agents due to their excellent chemical stability, facile electron transfer, strong luminescent emission, and relatively long-lived excited states. [1][2][3][4][5][6]8] However, most of these Ru(II) complexes are mononuclear, which unfortunately exhibit some significant drawbacks as DNA binders and structural probes. For example, the mononuclear Ru(II) complexes are relatively small and span only 1-2 DNA base pairs; these mononuclear complexes have weak DNA binding affinity (K b ≈ 10 4 −10 6 M −1 , depending on the intercalators) and are easily displaced from DNA at high ionic strength.…”