Efficient Direct Recycling of Degraded LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Cathodes by One-Step Hydrothermal Relithiation

Gao, Hongpeng; Yan, Qizhang; Xu, Panpan; Liu, Haodong; Li, Mingqian; Liu, Ping; Luo, Jian; Chen, Zheng

doi:10.1021/acsami.0c15704

Cited by 99 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(86 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As previously mentioned, direct recycling poses a method with greater economic and environmental benefits. [111,112] Recent works demonstrated the possibility of directly recycling LFP [112] and LMO [111] cathodes, in which life-cycle analysis showed a reduction in both GHG emissions (ca. 70%) and energy usage (> 75%).…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[110] Direct recycling poses a method in which the crystal structure can be retained, thus improving the economic feasibility in addition to lowering environmental impacts. [111,112] The cost of different recycling methods is composed of labor costs, material costs, and utilities among additional expenses such as tax, rent, insurance, and maintenance (Figure 7b). [113] Leaching chemicals required for hydrometallurgical recycling result in higher material costs, whereas pyrometallurgical recycling is more labor intensive with higher utility costs, resulting in a higher overall cost in comparison.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 110 ] Direct recycling poses a method in which the crystal structure can be retained, thus improving the economic feasibility in addition to lowering environmental impacts. [ 111,112 ]…”

Section: Mining and Materials Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Murdock

Toghill

Tapia‐Ruiz

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

156

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

tation currently accounts for 23% of global energy-related CO 2 emissions. [1] Electric vehicles (EVs) thus represent a rapidly expanding market, with at least 20% of road vehicles estimated to be electrically powered by 2030. [1] LIB technology takes great prominence within the automobile industry, due to its unbeatable electrochemical performance and lightweight, portable nature. Its impressive performance can be attributed, in part, to the low weight and small ionic radius of the Li + ions (0.76 Å), allowing fast ion transport. This fast transport, along with its low reduction potential (-3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), [2] allows for high power density as well as volumetric and gravimetric capacity. Such properties are of critical importance for EVs. [3] With the increased demand for high energy density LIBs for EVs, comes reductions in battery cost and subsequent volatility in material supply. In light of the immense scale of transport electrification that is being proposed in order to meet CO 2 emission targets, considerable attention is being directed toward the socioenvironmental and economic impact of such an increase in material demand. Of particular focus are lithium-ion cathode materials, many of which are composed of lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co), in varying concentrations (Figure 1a). The cathode constitutes more than 20% of LIB's overall cost and is a key factor in determining the energy and power density of the battery (Figure 1b). [3,4] It is, therefore, vital to maximise the cathode's performance while minimizing its cost, to make EVs more accessible for society.The high cost of cathode materials is largely attributed to the presence of cobalt-a rare and expensive element mined primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-which has been deemed necessary in the past to deliver high energy densities in LIBs. For example, the active material within the commercial NMC111 cathode (LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 ) costs ca. £17 kg −1 , producing 3.88 kWh kg −1 . [5] This high cost is largely attributed to the relatively large amount of cobalt within the electrode (£ 25 kg −1 ). [6] This cost is over 350 times greater than that of iron (£0.068 kg −1 ), [7] which reflects its relative high natural abundance. A combination of political instability within the DRC, social impacts within the mining sector, and supply chain volatility and ambiguity have driven a decrease in cobalt content in NMC cathodes (e.g., going from NMC 111 to NMC811 (LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 )) and zero-cobalt alternatives such as LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 spinels, LiMO 2 disordered rocksalts and Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries are viewed as a vital green technology required to meet CO 2 emission targets as part of a global effort to tackle climate change. Positive electrode (cathode) materials within such batteries are rich in critical metals-particularly lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The large-scale mining of such metals, to meet increasing battery demands, poses con...

show abstract

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Murdock

Toghill

Tapia‐Ruiz

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

156

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This was then employed in another investigation whereby 0.1M LiOH solution was used in a one-step hydrothermal process without KOH at a temperature of 180°C for 12 h for the re-lithiation of LMO. The results showed that the capacity retention of the regenerated cathodes was about 1.4% higher than that of pristine cathodes ( Gao et al., 2020a ). Moreover, the concentration of LiOH is more important than the reaction time or temperature ( Wang and Whitacre, 2018 ).…”

Section: Direct Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 90%

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Finally, metal salts are to be precipitated and re-synthesized to produce new active materials [48,52]. Alternatively, the anode and cathode active materials can be reconditioned by means of purification processes, lithium enhancement, and functionalization [47,51,[77][78][79]. Direct reconditioning has the advantage of being a fast and less energy-consuming process, but it cannot directly adapt the cathode chemistry to new developments.…”

Section: Circular Economy In the Context Of Battery Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

Doose

Mayer

Michalowski

et al. 2021

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The global use of lithium-ion batteries of all types has been increasing at a rapid pace for many years. In order to achieve the goal of an economical and sustainable battery industry, the recycling and recirculation of materials is a central element on this path. As the achievement of high 95% recovery rates demanded by the European Union for some metals from today’s lithium ion batteries is already very challenging, the question arises of how the process chains and safety of battery recycling as well as the achievement of closed material cycles are affected by the new lithium battery generations, which are supposed to enter the market in the next 5 to 10 years. Based on a survey of the potential development of battery technology in the next years, where a diversification between high-performance and cost-efficient batteries is expected, and today’s knowledge on recycling, the challenges and chances of the new battery generations regarding the development of recycling processes, hazards in battery dismantling and recycling, as well as establishing a circular economy are discussed. It becomes clear that the diversification and new developments demand a proper separation of battery types before recycling, for example by a transnational network of dismantling and sorting locations, and flexible and high sophisticated recycling processes with case-wise higher safety standards than today. Moreover, for the low-cost batteries, recycling of the batteries becomes economically unattractive, so legal stipulations become important. However, in general, it must be still secured that closing the material cycle for all battery types with suitable processes is achieved to secure the supply of raw materials and also to further advance new developments.

show abstract

Efficient Direct Recycling of Degraded LiMn₂O₄ Cathodes by One-Step Hydrothermal Relithiation

Cited by 99 publications

References 57 publications

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Efficient Direct Recycling of Degraded LiMn2O4 Cathodes by One-Step Hydrothermal Relithiation

Cited by 99 publications

References 57 publications

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Efficient Direct Recycling of Degraded LiMn₂O₄ Cathodes by One-Step Hydrothermal Relithiation