Efficient Delivery of Gold Nanoparticles and miRNA-33a Via Cationic PEGylated Niosomal Formulation to MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract

To overcome the challenges associated with the co-delivery of AuNPs (gold nanoparticles) and miRNA as an anti-breast cancer combination therapy, niosomal systems were developed using Span 60, cholesterol, and a cationic lipid (CTAB), and the formulations were optimized using Box-Behnken experimental design. The niosomal formulations with the smallest size were selected for further optimization of size, surface charge, entrapment efficiency, and stability. To achieve this, AuNPs and DSPE-PEG2000 (2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000)were added to the formulation. The optimized niosomal formulation could effectively encapsulate AuNPs with an entrapment efficiency of 34.49% ± 0.84 and a spherical particle size of 153.6 ± 4.62 nm. The incorporation of PEG and CTAB led to notable enhancements in the overall characteristics of the delivery system. To evaluate the effectiveness of the combination therapy, various assessments such as cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and gene expression properties were conducted. The results demonstrated that the combination delivery using the new C-PEG-Nio-AuNPs (cationic pegylated niosomal gold nanoparticles) system and miRNA had the lowest IC50, the highest apoptosis rate, and the most significant upregulation of miRNA and BAX/BCL2 expression in MCF-7 cell growth. In conclusion, this innovative co-delivery approach represents a promising breakthrough in the development of therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment. By combining multiple therapeutic agents within a single delivery system, this method has the potential to enhance treatment efficacy, reduce side effects, and improve patient outcomes. Graphical Abstract