Efficient delivery of clay-based nanovaccines to the mouse spleen promotes potent anti-tumor immunity for both prevention and treatment of lymphoma

Layered double hydroxide-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications

“…9a-c). 278 Another feature of LDH adjuvants is their rapid endosomal escape ability. LDHs can be efficiently internalized by APCs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and rapidly escape from endosomes within 15-30 min through the ''salt osmotic effect'', releasing antigens into the cytoplasm and maximally maintaining the antigen integrity.…”

In vivo fate and intracellular trafficking of vaccine delivery systems

“…For example, layered double hydroxide nanoparticles of around 200 nm size were specifically distributed to the spleen when administered by intravenous injection, and were found to successfully induce an immune response as an anticancer vaccine [76] . This study showed the highest spleen distribution of nanoparticles with an average size of 215 nm.…”

Delivery of nanovaccine towards lymphoid organs: recent strategies in enhancing cancer immunotherapy

“…To achieve efficient spleen accumulation, the size of nanovaccines has been optimized and surface ligands such as albumin- or red blood cell (RBC) membrane have been used to enhance their circulation and spleen-targeted delivery efficiency post i.v. administration [ 25 , 31 ]. It is worth noting that the macrophage barrier located in the subcapsular sinus of the LN or the red pulp of the spleen is an obstacle preventing the nanovaccine from reaching T or B lymphocytes [ 32 ].…”

“…On this basis, Zhang et al . [ 25 ] investigated how the size of nanovaccine affects their splenic accumulation and anti-tumor immune induction efficiency. To achieve this aim, they engineered a plate-like nanovaccine by loading model antigen OVA and Toll-like receptor 9 agonist CpG onto the surface of LDH NPs, which has a size ranges from 77 to 285 nm, to prepare CO-LDH-n (n denotes the size of LDH).…”

“…By enhancing the dynamic interaction with lymphoid organ, more nanovaccines have been successfully delivered to lymphoid organs. For instance, optimization of the nanovaccine softness, surface chemistry, dispersity and size, enables more nanovaccines to actively filtrate into the lymphatic vessels [ 23 , 24 ] or be captured by spleen (the largest secondary lymphoid organ) [ 25 ]. Therefore, this review will first conclude the approaches for nanovaccines to reach lymphoid organs.…”